... specifications of the longitudinal seam, either on the internal or external weld trim or cap. Others may exceed acceptable tolerances and introduce a risk for safe operation. In addition, sometimes radial offsets, misalignment, peaking and flat spots can occur. All those variations can lead to signals wrongly...

... Abstract Variation in longitudinal seam weld geometries can pose a challenge for liquid operator’s crack management programs. Both, radial misalignment and angular misalignment (also known as “peaking” or “rooftopping”) contribute to what is termed an “anomalous” seam weld geometry...

... of the misalignment imperfection of girth weld joint is calculated by FEM to review the applicability of relevant formulas given in BS7910 for engineering critical assessment. Finally, it is concluded by FE simulation that though the stress magnification effect of shallow cracks in weld toe zone is significant...