Swelling of articular cartilage depends on its fixed charge density and distribution, the stiffness of its collagen-proteoglycan matrix, and the ion concentrations in the interstitium. A theory for a tertiary mixture has been developed, including the two fluid-solid phases (biphasic), and an ion phase, representing cation and anion of a single salt, to describe the deformation and stress fields for cartilage under chemical and/or mechanical loads. This triphasic theory combines the physico-chemical theory for ionic and polyionic (proteoglycan) solutions with the biphasic theory for cartilage. The present model assumes the fixed charge groups to remain unchanged, and that the counter-ions are the cations of a single salt of the bathing solution. The momentum equation for the neutral salt and for the intersitial water are expressed in terms of their chemical potentials whose gradients are the driving forces for their movements. These chemical potentials depend on fluid pressure p, salt concentration c, solid matrix dilatation e and fixed charge density cF. For a uni-uni valent salt such as NaCl, they are given by μi = μoi + (RT/Mi)ln[γ±2c (c + c F)] and μW = μow + [p − RTφ(2c + cF) + Bwe]/ρTw, where R, T, Mi, γ±, φ, ρTw and Bw are universal gas constant, absolute temperature, molecular weight, mean activity coefficient of salt, osmotic coefficient, true density of water, and a coupling material coefficient, respectively. For infinitesimal strains and material isotropy, the stress-strain relationship for the total mixture stress is σ = − pI − TcI + λs(trE)I + 2μsE, where E is the strain tensor and (λs,μs) are the Lame´ constants of the elastic solid matrix. The chemical-expansion stress (− Tc) derives from the charge-to-charge repulsive forces within the solid matrix. This theory can be applied to both equilibrium and non-equilibrium problems. For equilibrium free swelling problems, the theory yields the well known Donnan equilibrium ion distribution and osmotic pressure equations, along with an analytical expression for the “pre-stress” in the solid matrix. For the confined-compression swelling problem, it predicts that the applied compressive stress is shared by three load support mechanisms: 1) the Donnan osmotic pressure; 2) the chemical-expansion stress; and 3) the solid matrix elastic stress. Numerical calculations have been made, based on a set of equilibrium free-swelling and confined-compression data, to assess the relative contribution of each mechanism to load support. Our results show that all three mechanisms are important in determining the overall compressive stiffness of cartilage.
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August 1991
Research Papers
A Triphasic Theory for the Swelling and Deformation Behaviors of Articular Cartilage
W. M. Lai,
W. M. Lai
Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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J. S. Hou,
J. S. Hou
Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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V. C. Mow
V. C. Mow
Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
Search for other works by this author on:
W. M. Lai
Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
J. S. Hou
Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
V. C. Mow
Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
J Biomech Eng. Aug 1991, 113(3): 245-258 (14 pages)
Published Online: August 1, 1991
Article history
Received:
February 1, 1990
Revised:
January 30, 1991
Online:
March 17, 2008
Citation
Lai, W. M., Hou, J. S., and Mow, V. C. (August 1, 1991). "A Triphasic Theory for the Swelling and Deformation Behaviors of Articular Cartilage." ASME. J Biomech Eng. August 1991; 113(3): 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2894880
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