Freezing by a Flat, Circular Surface Cryoprobe of a Tissue Phantom With an Embedded Cylindrical Heat Source Simulating a Blood Vessel

The effects of a thermally-significant blood vessel, simulated by an embedded acrylic tube, 4.8 mm outer diameter, on the freezing field caused by a surface cryoprobe were studied experimentally in a tissue phantom. The flat, 15 mm diameter, circular cryoprobe was operated at a constant cooling rate of $−8°C/min$ by liquid nitrogen down to $−160°C.$ Water flow rates of 30 and 100 ml/min, at a constant temperature of $32.5°C,$ were maintained in the embedded tube. The latter flow rate is typical to the lower range of blood flows in large arteries in the human body. The phase changing medium (PCM) used was a 30/70% by volume mashed potatoes flakes–water solution. Temperature measurements inside the PCM were performed in one plane perpendicular to the embedded tube, relative to which the cryoprobe was placed at 5 locations in separate experiments. This novel experimental method reduced the perturbation caused by the thermocouple junctions while facilitating rather detailed measurements of the temperature fields developing in the PCM. Results show the development of two hump-like formations on either side of the embedded tube. Freezing was retarded in the region away from the surface cryoprobe and under the tube. This accentuated the dominance of the axial effects, due to the embedded tube, over the radial ones due to the cryoprobe. Results of this study should be considered in designing protocols of cryosurgical procedures performed in the vicinity of thermally-significant blood vessels.