Activities of daily living (ADLs) generate complex, multidirectional forces in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). While calibration problems preclude direct measurement in patients, ACL forces can conceivably be measured in animals after technical challenges are overcome. For example, motion and force sensors can be implanted in the animal but investigators must determine the extent to which these sensors and surgery affect normal gait. Our objectives in this study were to determine (1) if surgically implanting knee motion sensors and an ACL force sensor significantly alter normal ovine gait and (2) how increasing gait speed and grade on a treadmill affect ovine gait before and after surgery. Ten skeletally mature, female sheep were used to test four hypotheses: (1) surgical implantation of sensors would significantly decrease average and peak vertical ground reaction forces (VGRFs) in the operated limb, (2) surgical implantation would significantly decrease single limb stance duration for the operated limb, (3) increasing treadmill speed would increase VGRFs pre- and post operatively, and (4) increasing treadmill grade would increase the hind limb VGRFs pre- and post operatively. An instrumented treadmill with two force plates was used to record fore and hind limb VGRFs during four combinations of two speeds (1.0 m/s and 1.3 m/s) and two grades (0 deg and 6 deg). Sensor implantation decreased average and peak VGRFs less than 10% and 20%, respectively, across all combinations of speed and grade. Sensor implantation significantly decreased the single limb stance duration in the operated hind limb during inclined walking at 1.3 m/s but had no effect on single limb stance duration in the operated limb during other activities. Increasing treadmill speed increased hind limb peak (but not average) VGRFs before surgery and peak VGRF only in the unoperated hind limb during level walking after surgery. Increasing treadmill grade (at 1 m/s) significantly increased hind limb average and peak VGRFs before surgery but increasing treadmill grade post op did not significantly affect any response measure. Since VGRF values exceeded 80% of presurgery levels, we conclude that animal gait post op is near normal. Thus, we can assume normal gait when conducting experiments following sensor implantation. Ultimately, we seek to measure ACL forces for ADLs to provide design criteria and evaluation benchmarks for traditional and tissue engineered ACL repairs and reconstructions.
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e-mail: herfatmt@mail.uc.edu
e-mail: jason.shearn@uc.edu
e-mail: baileyds@mail.uc.edu
e-mail: mike.greiwe@gmail.com
e-mail: mtgalloway@aol.com
e-mail: goochc@uc.edu
e-mail: david.butler@uc.edu
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February 2011
Research Papers
Effect of Surgery to Implant Motion and Force Sensors on Vertical Ground Reaction Forces in the Ovine Model
Safa T. Herfat,
Safa T. Herfat
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tissue Engineering and Biomechanics Laboratories,
e-mail: herfatmt@mail.uc.edu
University of Cincinnati
, Mail Location 0048, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0048
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Jason T. Shearn,
Jason T. Shearn
Mem. ASME
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tissue Engineering and Biomechanics Laboratories,
e-mail: jason.shearn@uc.edu
University of Cincinnati
, Mail Location 0048, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0048
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Denis L. Bailey,
e-mail: baileyds@mail.uc.edu
Denis L. Bailey
University of Cincinnati
, 2901 Woodside Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0048
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R. Michael Greiwe,
e-mail: mike.greiwe@gmail.com
R. Michael Greiwe
Commonwealth Orthopaedics Centers
, 560 Loop Road, Edgewood, KY 41017; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati
, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Mail Location 0212, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0212
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Marc T. Galloway,
e-mail: mtgalloway@aol.com
Marc T. Galloway
Cincinnati Sportsmedicine and Orthopaedic Center
, 10663 Montgomery Road, Cincinnati, OH 45242
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Cindi Gooch,
Cindi Gooch
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tissue Engineering and Biomechanics Laboratories,
e-mail: goochc@uc.edu
University of Cincinnati
, Mail Location 0048, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0048
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David L. Butler
David L. Butler
Fellow ASME
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tissue Engineering and Biomechanics Laboratories,
e-mail: david.butler@uc.edu
University of Cincinnati
, Mail Location 0048, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0048
Search for other works by this author on:
Safa T. Herfat
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tissue Engineering and Biomechanics Laboratories,
University of Cincinnati
, Mail Location 0048, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0048e-mail: herfatmt@mail.uc.edu
Jason T. Shearn
Mem. ASME
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tissue Engineering and Biomechanics Laboratories,
University of Cincinnati
, Mail Location 0048, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0048e-mail: jason.shearn@uc.edu
Denis L. Bailey
University of Cincinnati
, 2901 Woodside Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0048e-mail: baileyds@mail.uc.edu
R. Michael Greiwe
Commonwealth Orthopaedics Centers
, 560 Loop Road, Edgewood, KY 41017; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati
, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Mail Location 0212, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0212e-mail: mike.greiwe@gmail.com
Marc T. Galloway
Cincinnati Sportsmedicine and Orthopaedic Center
, 10663 Montgomery Road, Cincinnati, OH 45242e-mail: mtgalloway@aol.com
Cindi Gooch
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tissue Engineering and Biomechanics Laboratories,
University of Cincinnati
, Mail Location 0048, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0048e-mail: goochc@uc.edu
David L. Butler
Fellow ASME
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tissue Engineering and Biomechanics Laboratories,
University of Cincinnati
, Mail Location 0048, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0048e-mail: david.butler@uc.edu
J Biomech Eng. Feb 2011, 133(2): 021010 (9 pages)
Published Online: January 31, 2011
Article history
Received:
July 20, 2010
Revised:
November 29, 2010
Posted:
December 22, 2010
Published:
January 31, 2011
Online:
January 31, 2011
Citation
Herfat, S. T., Shearn, J. T., Bailey, D. L., Greiwe, R. M., Galloway, M. T., Gooch, C., and Butler, D. L. (January 31, 2011). "Effect of Surgery to Implant Motion and Force Sensors on Vertical Ground Reaction Forces in the Ovine Model." ASME. J Biomech Eng. February 2011; 133(2): 021010. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4003322
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