... experimental method reduced the perturbation caused by the thermocouple junctions while facilitating rather detailed measurements of the temperature fields developing in the PCM. Results show the development of two hump-like formations on either side of the embedded tube. Freezing was retarded in the region...

... with thermocouples. The system is capable of simulating riding speeds ranging from 4.5–15.5 m/s. A cooling effectiveness, C 1 , that is independent of both ambient conditions and wind velocity is defined as a measure of how well the helmet ventilates as compared to the reference sphere. The system was validated...