The paper describes the design of an innovative virtual reality (VR) system, based on a combination of an olfactory display and a visual display, to be used for investigating the directionality of the sense of olfaction. In particular, the design of an experimental setup to understand and determine to what extent the sense of olfaction is directional and whether there is prevalence of the sense of vision over the one of smell when determining the direction of an odor, is described. The experimental setup is based on low-cost VR technologies. In particular, the system is based on a custom directional olfactory display (OD), a head mounted display (HMD) to deliver both visual and olfactory cues, and an input device to register subjects' answers. The paper reports the design of the olfactory interface as well as its integration with the overall system.

References

1.
Gilbert
,
A.
,
2008
, “
What the Nose Know: The Science of Scent in Everyday Life
,” Crown Publishers, New York.
2.
Murray
,
N.
,
Lee
,
B.
,
Qiao
,
Y.
, and
Muntean
,
G.
,
2016
, “
Olfaction-Enhanced Multimedia: A Survey of Application Domains, Displays, and Research Challenges
,”
ACM Comput. Surv.
,
48
(
4
), p.
56
.
3.
Kumar
,
R.
,
Kaur
,
R.
,
Auffarth
,
B.
, and
Bhondekar
,
A. P.
,
2015
, “
Understanding the Odour Spaces: A Step Towards Solving Olfactory Stimulus-Percept Problem
,”
PLoS One
,
10
(
10
), p.
e0141263
.
4.
Wudarczyk
,
O. A.
,
Habel
,
U.
,
Turetsky
,
B. I.
,
Gur
,
R. E.
,
Kellermann
,
T.
,
Schneider
,
F.
, and
Moessnang
,
C.
,
2016
, “
Follow Your Nose: Implicit Spatial Processing Within the Chemosensory Systems
,”
J. Exp. Psychol.
,
42
(
11
), pp.
1780
1792
.
5.
Vicente
,
N. S.
, and
Halloy
,
M.
,
2017
, “
Interaction Between Visual and Chemical Cues in a Liolaemus Lizard: A Multimodal Approach
,”
Zoology (Jena)
,
125
, pp.
24
28
.
6.
Skramlik
,
E.
,
1924
, “
Uber die Lokalisation der Empfindungen bei den Niederen Sinnen
,” Zeitschrift für Sinnesphysiologie,
56
, pp. 69–140.
7.
von Békésy
,
G.
,
1964
, “
Olfactory Analogue to Directional Hearing
,”
J. Appl. Physiol.
,
19
(
3
), pp. 369–373.
8.
Kobal
,
G.
,
Van Toller
,
S.
, and
Hummel
,
T.
,
1989
, “
Is There Directional Smelling?
,”
Experientia
,
45
(
2
), pp.
130
132
.
9.
Kleemann
,
A. M.
,
Albrecht
,
J.
,
Schöpf
,
V.
,
Haegler
,
K.
,
Kopietz
,
R.
,
Hempel
,
J. M.
,
Linn
,
J.
,
Flanagin
,
V. L.
,
Fesl
,
G.
, and
Wiesmann
,
M.
,
2009
, “
Trigeminal Perception Is Necessary to Localize Odors
,”
Physiol. Behav.
,
97
(
3
), pp.
401
405
.
10.
Frasnelli
,
J.
,
Charbonneau
,
G.
,
Collignon
,
O.
, and
Lepore
,
F.
,
2009
, “
Odor Localization and Sniffing
,”
Chem. Senses
,
34
(
2
), pp.
139
144
.
11.
Frasnelli
,
J.
,
La Buissonnière-Ariza
,
V.
,
Collignon
,
O.
, and
Lepore
,
F.
,
2010
, “
Localisation of Unilateral Nasal Stimuli Across Sensory Systems
,”
Neurosci. Lett.
,
478
(
2
), pp.
102
106
.
12.
Frasnelli
,
J.
,
Hummel
,
T.
,
Berg
,
J.
,
Huang
,
G.
, and
Doty
,
R. L.
,
2011
, “
Intranasal Localizability of Odorants: Influence of Stimulus Volume
,”
Chem. Senses
,
36
(
4
), pp.
405
410
.
13.
Kéïta
,
L.
,
Frasnelli
,
J.
,
La Buissonnière-Ariza
,
V.
, and
Lepore
,
F.
,
2013
, “
Response Times and Response Accuracy for Odor Localization and Identification
,”
Neuroscience
,
238
, pp.
82
86
.
14.
Porter
,
J.
,
Anand
,
T.
,
Johnson
,
B.
,
Khan
,
R. M.
, and
Sobel
,
N.
,
2005
, “
Brain Mechanisms for Extracting Spatial Information From Smell
,”
Neuron
,
47
(
4
), pp.
581
592
.
15.
Wysocki
,
C. J.
,
Cowart
,
B. J.
, and
Radil
,
T.
,
2003
, “
Nasal Trigeminal Chemosensitivity Across the Adult Life Span
,”
Percept. Psychophys.
,
65
(
1
), pp.
115
122
.
16.
Moessnang
,
C.
,
Finkelmeyer
,
A.
,
Vossen
,
A.
,
Schneider
,
F.
, and
Habel
,
U.
,
2011
, “
Assessing Implicit Odor Localization in Humans Using a Cross-Modal Spatial Cueing Paradigm
,”
PLoS One
,
6
(
12
), p.
e29614
.
17.
Gottfried
,
J. A.
, and
Dolan
,
R. J.
,
2003
, “
The Nose Smells What the Eye Sees: Crossmodal Visual Facilitation of Human Olfactory Perception
,”
Neuron
,
39
(
2
), pp.
375
386
.
18.
Zhou
,
W.
,
Zhang
,
X.
,
Chen
,
J.
,
Wang
,
L.
, and
Chen
,
D.
,
2012
, “
Nostril-Specific Olfactory Modulation of Visual Perception in Binocular Rivalry
,”
J. Neurosci.
,
32
(
48
), pp.
17225
17229
.
19.
Zellner
,
D. A.
, and
Kautz
,
M. A.
,
1990
, “
Color Affects Perceived Odor Intensity
,”
J. Exp. Psychol.
,
16
(
2
), pp.
391
397
.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2142207
20.
Demattè
,
M. L.
,
Sanabria
,
D.
, and
Spence
,
C.
,
2009
, “
Olfactory Discrimination: When Vision Matters?
,”
Chem. Senses
,
34
(
2
), pp.
103
109
.
21.
Blackwell
,
L.
,
1995
, “
Visual Cues and Their Effects on Odour Assessment
,”
Nutr. Food Sci.
,
95
(
5
), pp.
24
28
.
22.
Sakai
,
N.
,
Imada
,
S.
,
Saito
,
S.
,
Kobayakawa
,
T.
, and
Deguchi
,
Y.
,
2005
, “
The Effect of Visual Images on Perception of Odors
,”
Chem. Senses
,
30
(1), pp.
244
245
.
23.
Gilbert
,
A.
,
Martin
,
R.
, and
Kemp
,
S. E.
,
1996
, “
Cross-Modal Correspondence Between Vision and Olfaction: The Color of Smells
,”
Am. J. Psychol.
,
109
(
3
), pp.
335
351
.
24.
Zellner
,
D. A.
,
2013
, “
Color-Odor Interactions: A Review and Model
,”
Chemosens. Percept.
,
6
(
4
), pp.
155
169
.
25.
Nakamoto
,
T.
,
2013
,
Human Olfactory Displays and Interfaces: Odor Sensing and Presentation
,
Information Science Reference
, Hershey, PA.
26.
Yanagida
,
Y.
,
Noma
,
H.
,
Tetsutani
,
N.
, and
Tomono
,
A.
,
2003
, “
An Unencumbering, Localized Olfactory Display
,” Extended Abstracts of the 2003 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (
CHI
), Ft. Lauderdale, Apr. 5–10.
27.
Kim
,
D. K.
,
Nishimoto
,
K.
,
Kunifuji
,
S.
,
Cho
,
Y. H.
,
Kawakami
,
Y.
, and
Ando
,
H.
,
2009
, “
Development of Aroma-Card Based Soundless Olfactory Display
,”
16th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits, and Systems
, Yasmine Hammamet, Tunisia, Dec. 13–16.
28.
Yamada
,
T.
,
Yokoyama
,
S.
,
Tanikawa
,
T.
,
Hirota
,
K.
, and
Hirose
,
M.
,
2006
, “
Wearable Olfactory Display: Using Odor in Outdoor Environment
,”
IEEE Virtual Reality Conference
(
VR
), Alexandria, VA, Mar. 25–29.
29.
Viswadhara Meenakshi
,
V.
, and
Sowmya
,
K.
,
2003
, “
ESTER: Experiencing Smell Through Electronic Reality
,”
IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics
(
ICCE
), Los Angeles, CA.
30.
Narumi
,
T.
,
Nishizaka
,
S.
,
Kajinami
,
T.
,
Tanikawa
,
T.
, and
Hirose
,
M.
,
2011
, “
Meta Cookie+: An Illusion-Based Gustatory Display
,”
International Conference on Virtual and Mixed Reality
, Orlando, FL, July 9–14, pp.
260
269
.
31.
Hirota
,
K.
,
Ito
,
Y.
,
Amemiya
,
T.
, and
Ikei
,
Y.
,
2013
, “
Presentation of Odor in Multi-Sensory Theater
,”
VAMR/HCII 2013
, Las Vegas, NV, July 21–26, pp.
372
379
.
32.
Bordegoni
,
M.
, and
Carulli
,
M.
,
2016
, “
Evaluating Industrial Products in an Innovative Visual-Olfactory Environment
,”
ASME J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng.
,
16
(
3
), p.
031004
.
33.
Bordegoni
,
M.
,
Carulli
,
M.
, and
Shi
,
Y.
,
2016
, “
Investigating the Use of Smell in Vehicle-Driver Interaction
,”
ASME
Paper No. DETC2016-60541.
34.
Terracciano
,
A.
,
Dima
,
M.
,
Carulli
,
M.
, and
Bordegoni
,
M.
,
2017
, “
Mapping Memory Routes: A Multisensory Interface for Sensorial Urbanism and Critical Heritage Studies
,”
Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
, Denver, CO, May 6–11, pp.
353
356
.
35.
Bordegoni
,
M.
,
Carulli
,
M.
,
Shi
,
Y.
, and
Ruscio
,
D.
,
2017
, “
Investigating the Effects of Odour Integration in Reading and Learning Experiences
,”
Interact. Des. Archit. J.
,
2017
(
32
), pp.
104
125
.https://re.public.polimi.it/handle/11311/1043678#.XTl9ptMzYXo
36.
Kim
,
D. W.
, and
Ando
,
H.
,
2010
, “
Development of Directional Olfactory Display
,”
Ninth ACM SIGGRAPH Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry
(VRCAI '10), Seoul, South Korea, Dec. 12–13, pp.
143
144
.
37.
Yanagida
,
Y.
, and
Tomono
,
A.
,
2013
, “
Basics for Olfactory Display
,”
Human Olfactory Displays and Interfaces: Odor Sensing and Presentation
,
Information Science Reference
, Hershey, PA.
38.
Davide
,
F.
,
Holmberg
,
M.
, and
Lundström
,
I.
,
2001
, “
Virtual Olfactory Interfaces: Electronic Noses and Olfactory Displays
,”
Communications Through Virtual Technology: Identity Community and Technology in the Internet Age
,
G.
Riva
, and
F.
Davide
, eds.,
IOS Press
, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
39.
Kadowaki
,
A.
,
Noguchi
,
D.
,
Sugimoto
,
S.
,
Bannai
,
Y.
, and
Okada
,
K.
,
2010
, “
Development of a High-Performance Olfactory Display and Measurement of Olfactory Characteristics for Pulse Ejections
,”
Tenth IEEE/IPSJ International Symposium on Applications and the Internet
(
SAINT
), Seoul, South Korea, July 19–23.
40.
Seah
,
S. A.
,
Plasencia
,
D.M.
,
Bennett
,
P.D.
,
Karnik
,
A.
,
Otrocol
,
V. S.
,
Knibbe
,
J.
,
Cockburn
,
A.
, and
Subramanian
,
S.
,
2014
, “
SensaBubble: A Chrono-Sensory Mid-Air Display of Sight and Smell
,”
SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
, Toronto, ON, Canada, Apr. 26–May 1.
41.
Marani
,
R.
,
Gelao
,
G.
, and
Perri
,
A. G.
,
2010
, “
A New System for Continuous Monitoring of Breathing and Kinetic Activity
,”
J. Sens.
,
2010
, p.
434863
.
42.
Mathew
,
J.
,
Semenova
,
Y.
, and
Farrell
,
G.
,
2012
, “
A Miniature Optical Breathing Sensor
,”
Biomed. Opt. Express
,
3
(
12
), pp.
3325
3331
.
43.
Mutlu
,
G. M.
,
Garey
,
K. W.
,
Robbins
,
R. A.
,
Danzinger
,
L. H.
, and
Rubistein
,
I.
,
2001
, “
Collection and Analysis of Exhaled Breath Condensate in Humans
,”
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
,
164
(
5
), pp.
731
737
.
44.
Kadowaki
,
A.
,
Sato
,
J.
,
Ohtsu
,
K.
,
Bannai
,
Y.
, and
Okada
,
K.
,
2008
, “
Pulse Ejection Presentation System Synchronized With Breathing
,”
IEEJ Trans. Sens. Micromachines
,
128
(
12
), pp.
455
460
.
You do not currently have access to this content.