Abstract

In situ spatial soot and temperature distributions were investigated experimentally for B20 (20% v/v butanol and balance mineral diesel blend) vis-a-vis mineral diesel using endoscopic visualization technique. Endoscope captured the in-cylinder combustion images in a production-grade direct injection compression ignition (DICI) engine at varying engine operating conditions. A comparative combustion data analysis using pressure-crank angle history and the captured endoscopic images was performed. An attempt was made to correlate the results of these two experimental investigations. Combustion duration (CD) obtained from the endoscopic images was relatively longer than the CD calculated from the thermodynamic analysis. Most research on soot and NOx emitted from the engine using a raw exhaust gas emission analyzer provides bulk, time-averaged, and cycle-averaged information about the pollutant formation. This investigation is unique wherein the spatial or time-resolved soot and NOx formation (Via spatial temperature distribution) are evaluated. The findings of this study support the research finding available in the open literature using an emission analyzer. This study and the technique therein on the deployment of engine endoscopy as an emerging optical technique is potentially useful to original automotive manufacturers (OEMs) in designing more efficient engines, capable of meeting upcoming stringent emission norms.

Issue Section:
Fuel Combustion
Keywords:
endoscopy, soot distribution, temperature distribution, butanol, engine combustion, alternative energy sources, energy conversion/systems, fuel combustion, renewable energy, unconventional petroleum
Topics:
Combustion, Cylinders, Diesel, Endoscopic devices, Engines, Flames, Fuels, Soot, Stress, Temperature, Pressure, Temperature distribution, Diesel engines

References

1.
Sharma
,
N.
, and
Agarwal
,
A. K.
,
2019
, “
Particle Characterization of Soot Aggregates Emitted by Gasohol Fueled Direct Injection Engine
,”
Energy Fuels
,
33
(
1
), pp.
420
–
428
.
2.
Sharma
,
N.
, and
Agarwal
,
A. K.
,
2017
, “
Effect of the Fuel Injection Pressure on Particulate Emissions From a Gasohol (E15 and M15)-Fueled Gasoline Direct Injection Engine
,”
Energy Fuels
,
31
(
4
), pp.
4155
–
4164
.
3.
Sharma
,
N.
,
Agarwal
,
R. A.
, and
Agarwal
,
A. K.
,
2019
, “
Particulate Bound Trace Metals and Soot Morphology of Gasohol Fueled Gasoline Direct Injection Engine
,”
ASME J. Energy Resour. Technol.
,
141
(
2
), p.
022201
.
4.
Reddy
,
M. S.
,
Sharma
,
N.
, and
Agarwal
,
A. K.
,
2016
, “
Effect of Straight Vegetable Oil Blends and Biodiesel Blends on Wear of Mechanical Fuel Injection Equipment of a Constant Speed Diesel Engine
,”
Renewable Energy
,
99
, pp.
1008
–
1018
.
5.
Reddy
,
S. M.
,
Sharma
,
N.
,
Gupta
,
N.
, and
Agarwal
,
A. K.
,
2018
, “
Effect of Non-Edible Oil and Its Biodiesel on Wear of Fuel Injection Equipment Components of a Genset Engine
,”
Fuel
,
222
, pp.
841
–
851
.
6.
Sharma
,
N.
,
2017
, “
Spray, Combustion, Emissions and Particulate Investigations of a Gasohol Fuelled Gasoline Direct Injection Engine
,”
Doctoral thesis
,
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
,
Kanpur, India
.
7.
Wei
,
H.
,
Feng
,
D.
,
Pan
,
M.
,
Pan
,
J.
,
Rao
,
X.
, and
Gao
,
D.
,
2016
, “
Experimental Investigation on the Knocking Combustion Characteristics of n-Butanol Gasoline Blends in a DISI Engine
,”
Appl. Energy
,
175
, pp.
346
–
355
.
8.
Jin
,
C.
,
Yao
,
M.
,
Liu
,
H.
,
Chia-fon
,
F. L.
, and
Ji
,
J.
,
2011
, “
Progress in the Production and Application of n-Butanol as a Biofuel
,”
Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
,
15
(
8
), pp.
4080
–
4106
.
9.
Oßwald
,
P.
,
Güldenberg
,
H.
,
Kohse-Höinghaus
,
K.
,
Yang
,
B.
,
Yuan
,
T.
, and
Qi
,
F.
,
2011
, “
Combustion of Butanol Isomers—A Detailed Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometry Investigation of Their Flame Chemistry
,”
Combust. Flame
,
158
(
1
), pp.
2
–
15
.
10.
Hansen
,
N.
,
Merchant
,
S. S.
,
Harper
,
M. R.
, and
Green
,
W. H.
,
2013
, “
The Predictive Capability of an Automatically Generated Combustion Chemistry Mechanism: Chemical Structures of Premixed Iso-Butanol Flames
,”
Combust. Flame
,
160
(
11
), pp.
2343
–
2351
.
11.
Yang
,
B.
,
Oßwald
,
P.
,
Li
,
Y.
,
Wang
,
J.
,
Wei
,
L.
,
Tian
,
Z.
,
Qi
,
F.
, and
Kohse-Höinghaus
,
K.
,
2007
, “
Identification of Combustion Intermediates in Isomeric Fuel-Rich Premixed Butanol–Oxygen Flames at Low Pressure
,”
Combust. Flame
,
148
(
4
), pp.
198
–
209
.
12.
Şahin
,
Z.
, and
Aksu
,
O. N.
,
2015
, “
Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Using Low Ratio n-Butanol/Diesel Fuel Blends on Engine Performance and Exhaust Emissions in a Turbocharged DI Diesel Engine
,”
Renewable Energy
,
77
, pp.
279
–
290
.
13.
Di Domenico
,
M.
,
Gerlinger
,
P.
, and
Aigner
,
M.
,
2010
, “
Development and Validation of a New Soot Formation Model for Gas Turbine Combustor Simulations
,”
Combust. Flame
,
157
(
2
), pp.
246
–
258
.
14.
Wang
,
H.
,
Reitz
,
R. D.
,
Yao
,
M.
,
Yang
,
B.
,
Jiao
,
Q.
, and
Qiu
,
L.
,
2013
, “
Development of an n-Heptane-n-Butanol-PAH Mechanism and Its Application for Combustion and Soot Prediction
,”
Combust. Flame
,
160
(
3
), pp.
504
–
519
.
15.
Karabektas
,
M.
, and
Hosoz
,
M.
,
2009
, “
Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Using Iso-Butanol–Diesel Fuel Blends
,”
Renewable Energy
,
34
(
6
), pp.
1554
–
1559
.
16.
Şahin
,
Z.
,
Durgun
,
O.
, and
Aksu
,
O. N.
,
2015
, “
Experimental Investigation of n-Butanol/Diesel Fuel Blends and n-Butanol Fumigation–Evaluation of Engine Performance, Exhaust Emissions, Heat Release and Flammability Analysis
,”
Energy Convers. Manage.
,
103
, pp.
778
–
789
.
17.
Doğan
,
O.
,
2011
, “
The Influence of n-Butanol/Diesel Fuel Blends Utilization on a Small Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions
,”
Fuel
,
90
(
7
), pp.
2467
–
2472
.
18.
Rakopoulos
,
D.
,
Rakopoulos
,
C.
,
Giakoumis
,
E.
,
Dimaratos
,
A.
, and
Kyritsis
,
D.
,
2010
, “
Effects of Butanol–Diesel Fuel Blends on the Performance and Emissions of a High-Speed DI Diesel Engine
,”
Energy Convers. Manage.
,
51
(
10
), pp.
1989
–
1997
.
19.
Pickett
,
L. M.
, and
Siebers
,
D. L.
,
2004
, “
Soot in Diesel Fuel Jets: Effects of Ambient Temperature, Ambient Density, and Injection Pressure
,”
Combust. Flame
,
138
(
1–2
), pp.
114
–
135
.
20.
Bowditch
,
F. W.
,
1961
, “
A New Tool for Combustion Research a Quartz Piston Engine
,” SAE Technical Paper No 610002.
21.
Allen
,
J.
,
Law
,
D.
,
Pitcher
,
G.
, and
Williams
,
P.
,
2000
, “
A New Optical Access Research Engine for Advanced Fuel Spray and Combustion Analysis Using Laser Based Diagnostics
,”
Monograph of 33rd International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation (ISATA)
,
Dublin, Ireland
,
Sept. 25–27
, pp.
467
–
473
.
22.
Zhang
,
J.
,
Jing
,
W.
,
Roberts
,
W. L.
, and
Fang
,
T.
,
2013
, “
Soot Temperature and KL Factor for Biodiesel and Diesel Spray Combustion in a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber
,”
Appl. Energy
,
107
, pp.
52
–
65
.
23.
Irimescu
,
A.
,
Marchitto
,
L.
,
Merola
,
S.
,
Tornatore
,
C.
, and
Valentino
,
G.
,
2015
, “
Combustion Process Investigations in an Optically Accessible DISI Engine Fuelled With n-Butanol During Part Load Operation
,”
Renewable Energy
,
77
, pp.
363
–
376
.
24.
Mtui
,
P. L.
, and
Hill
,
P. G.
,
1996
, “
Ignition Delay and Combustion Duration With Natural Gas Fueling of Diesel Engines
,” SAE International, USA, SAE Technical Paper No. 961933.
25.
Husberg
,
T.
,
Gjirja
,
S.
,
Denbratt
,
I.
,
Omrane
,
A.
,
Aldén
,
M.
, and
Engström
,
J.
,
2005
, “
Piston Temperature Measurement by Use of Thermographic Phosphors and Thermocouples in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Run Under Partly Premixed Conditions
,” SAE Technical Paper No. 2005-01-1646.
26.
Zhao
,
H.
, and
Ladommatos
,
N.
,
1998
, “
Optical Diagnostics for Soot and Temperature Measurement in Diesel Engines
,”
Prog. Energy Combust. Sci.
,
24
(
3
), pp.
221
–
255
.
27.
Miers
,
S. A.
,
Ng
,
H.
,
Ciatti
,
S. A.
, and
Stork
,
K.
,
2005
, “
Emissions, Performance, and In-Cylinder Combustion Analysis in a Light-Duty Diesel Engine Operating on a Fischer-Tropsch, Biomass-to-Liquid Fuel
,” SAE Technical Paper No. 2005-01-3670.
28.
Wallner
,
T.
,
Ciatti
,
S.
, and
Bihari
,
B.
,
2007
, “
Investigation of Injection Parameters in a Hydrogen DI Engine Using an Endoscopic Access to the Combustion Chamber
,” SAE Technical Paper No. 2007-01-1464.
29.
Ricart
,
L.
,
Xin
,
J.
,
Bower
,
G. R.
, and
Reitz
,
R. D.
,
1997
, “
In-Cylinder Measurement and Modeling of Liquid Fuel Spray Penetration in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine
,” SAE Technical Paper No. 971591.
30.
Xu
,
C.
,
Zhao
,
W.
,
Hu
,
J.
,
Zhang
,
B.
, and
Wang
,
S.
,
2017
, “
Liquid Lens-Based Optical Sectioning Tomography for Three-Dimensional Flame Temperature Measurement
,”
Fuel
,
196
, pp.
550
–
563
.
31.
Werlberger
,
P.
, and
Cartellieri
,
W. P.
,
1987
, “
Fuel Injection and Combustion Phenomena in a High Speed DI Diesel Engine Observed by Means of Endoscopic High Speed Photography
,”
SAE Trans.
,
870097
, pp.
27
–
37
.
32.
Agarwal
,
A. K.
,
Jiotode
,
Y.
, and
Sharma
,
N.
,
2019
, “
Endoscopic Visualization of Engine Combustion Chamber Using Diesoline, Diesosene and Mineral Diesel for Comparative Spatial Soot and Temperature Distributions
,”
Fuel
,
241
, pp.
901
–
913
.
33.
Jiotode
,
Y.
, and
Agarwal
,
A. K.
,
2016
, “
In-Cylinder Combustion Visualization of Jatropha Straight Vegetable oil and Mineral Diesel Using High Temperature Industrial Endoscopy for Spatial Temperature and Soot Distribution
,”
Fuel Process. Technol.
,
153
, pp.
9
–
18
.
34.
Zhang
,
R.
,
Zhang
,
Y.
, and
Kook
,
S.
,
2017
, “
Morphological Variations of In-Flame and Exhaust Soot Particles Associated With Jet-to-Jet Variations and Jet–Jet Interactions in a Light-Duty Diesel Engine
,”
Combust. Flame
,
176
, pp.
377
–
390
.
35.
Dierksheide
,
U.
,
Meyer
,
P.
,
Hovestadt
,
T.
, and
Hentschel
,
W.
,
2002
, “
Endoscopic 2D Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) Flow Field Measurements in IC Engines
,”
Exp. Fluids
,
33
(
6
), pp.
794
–
800
.
36.
Huang
,
H. W.
, and
Zhang
,
Y.
,
2010
, “
Dynamic Application of Digital Image and Colour Processing in Characterizing Flame Radiation Features
,”
Meas. Sci. Technol.
,
21
(
8
), p.
085202
.
37.
Jiotode
,
Y.
, and
Agarwal
,
A. K.
,
2016
, “
Endoscopic Combustion Visualization for Spatial Distribution of Soot and Flame Temperature in a Diesohol Fueled Compression Ignition Engine
,”
Energy Fuels
,
30
(
11
), pp.
9850
–
9858
.
38.
Hernandez-Andres
,
J.
,
Lee
,
R. L.
, and
Romero
,
J.
,
1999
, “
Calculating Correlated Color Temperatures Across the Entire Gamut of Daylight and Skylight Chromaticities
,”
Appl. Opt.
,
38
(
27
), pp.
5703
–
5709
.
39.
Li
,
Z.
,
Song
,
C.
,
Song
,
J.
,
Lv
,
G.
,
Dong
,
S.
, and
Zhao
,
Z.
,
2011
, “
Evolution of the Nanostructure, Fractal Dimension and Size of In-Cylinder Soot During Diesel Combustion Process
,”
Combust. Flame
,
158
(
8
), pp.
1624
–
1630
.
40.
Smith
,
A. R.
,
1978
, “
Color Gamut Transform Pairs
,”
ACM Siggraph Comput. Graphics
,
12
(
3
), pp.
12
–
19
.
41.
Huang
,
H. W.
, and
Zhang
,
Y.
,
2011
, “
Digital Colour Image Processing Based Measurement of Premixed CH4+ Air and C2H4+ Air Flame Chemiluminescence
,”
Fuel
,
90
(
1
), pp.
48
–
53
.
42.
Fairman
,
H. S.
,
Brill
,
M. H.
, and
Hemmendinger
,
H.
,
1997
, “
How the CIE 1931 Color-Matching Functions Were Derived From Wright-Guild Data
,”
Color Res. Appl.
,
22
, pp.
11
–
23
.
43.
Yanai
,
T.
,
Han
,
X.
,
Wang
,
M.
,
Reader
,
G. T.
,
Zheng
,
M.
, and
Tjong
,
J.
,
2014
, “
Clean Combustion in a Diesel Engine Using Direct Injection of Neat n-Butanol
,” SAE Technical Paper No. 2014-01-1298.
44.
Valentino
,
G.
,
Iannuzzi
,
S.
, and
Corcione
,
F. E.
,
2013
, “
Experimental Investigation on the Combustion and Emissions of a Light Duty Diesel Engine Fuelled With Butanol-Diesel Blend
,” SAE Technical Paper No. 2013-01-0915.
45.
Musculus
,
M. P.
,
Miles
,
P. C.
, and
Pickett
,
L. M.
,
2013
, “
Conceptual Models for Partially Premixed Low-Temperature Diesel Combustion
,”
Prog. Energy Combust. Sci.
,
39
(
2–3
), pp.
246
–
283
.
Copyright © 2021 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.