... Probability Density Function (PDF) for the mixture fraction is used to model the turbulent non-premixed combustion process in the furnace. The combustion model is based on the assumption of instantaneous full chemical equilibrium. The P-1 model is chosen as the radiation model, and the Weighted-Sum-of-Gray...

... different for every chemical element is necessary. The reference species are independent of each other. It is impossible to formulate any chemical reaction comprising only reference species. Therefore, the problem of chemical equilibrium between reference substances does not exist. The statement...

... in the natural environment.” How can we state something illogical when we merely paraphrase the same author? We also stated a fact in our statements on the set of reference substances. energy resources thermodynamics chemical reactions chemical equilibrium water 2000 ASME ...