Abstract
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) in spark-ignited (SI) engines is a key technique to reduce in-cylinder NOx production by decreasing the combustion temperature. The major species of the exhaust gas in rich combustion of natural gas are hydrogen and carbon monoxide, which can subsequently be recirculated to the cylinders using EGR. In this study, the effect of hydrogen and carbon monoxide addition to methane on laminar burning velocity and flame morphology is investigated. Due to the broad flammability limit and high burning velocity of hydrogen compared to methane, this addition to the gaseous mixture leads to an increase in burning velocity, less emissions production, and a boost to the thermal efficiency of internal combustion engines. Premixed CH4–H2–CO–air flames are experimentally investigated using an optically accessible constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) accompanied with a high-speed Z-type Schlieren imaging system. Furthermore, a numerical code is applied to quantify the laminar burning velocity based on the pressure rise during flame propagation within the CVCC. According to the empirical and numerical results, the addition of hydrogen and carbon monoxide enhances laminar burning velocity while influencing the flame structure and development.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
Keywords:
constant volume combustion chamber,
premixed combustion,
exhaust gas recirculation,
laminar burning velocity,
flammability limit,
natural gas,
syngas
Topics:
Carbon monoxide,
Combustion,
Flames,
Methane,
Pressure,
Syngas,
Temperature,
Combustion chambers
References
1.
Pierpont
,
D.
,
Montgomery
,
D.
, and
Reitz
,
R. D.
, 1995
, “
Reducing Particulate and NOx Using Multiple Injections and EGR in a DI Diesel
,” SAE
Paper No. 950217.10.4271/9502172.
Tabata
,
M.
,
Yamamoto
,
T.
, and
Fukube
,
T.
, 1995
, “
Improving NOx and Fuel Economy for Mixture Injected SI Engine With EGR
,” SAE
Paper No. 950684.10.4271/9506843.
Szwaja
,
S.
,
Ansari
,
E.
,
Rao
,
S.
,
Szwaja
,
M.
,
Grab-Rogalinski
,
K.
,
Naber
,
J. D.
, and
Pyrc
,
M.
, 2018
, “
Influence of Exhaust Residuals on Combustion Phases, Exhaust Toxic Emission and Fuel Consumption From a Natural Gas Fueled Spark-Ignition Engine
,” Energy Convers. Manage.
,
165
, pp. 440
–446
.10.1016/j.enconman.2018.03.0754.
Morovatiyan
,
M. R.
, and
Hosseini
,
V.
, 2014
, “
Development of a 3D CFD Model to Analyze Gas Exchange Process Into Intake Manifold of an iVVT Engine
,” J. Engine Res.
,
36
(36
), pp. 51
–60
. 5.
Darzi
,
M.
, 2018
, “
Continuously Varying Exhaust Outlet Diameter to Improve Efficiency and Emissions of a Small SI Natural Gas Two-Stroke Engine by Internal EGR
,” SAE
Paper No. 2018-01-0985.10.4271/2018-01-09856.
Grandin
,
B.
,
Ångström
,
H.-E.
,
Stålhammar
,
P.
, and
Olofsson
,
E.
, 1998
, “
Knock Suppression in a Turbocharged SI Engine by Using Cooled EGR
,” SAE
Paper No. 982476.10.4271/9824767.
Alger
,
T.
,
Chauvet
,
T.
, and
Dimitrova
,
Z.
, 2008
, “
Synergies Between High EGR Operation and GDI Systems
,” SAE Int. J. Engines
,
1
(1
), pp. 101
–114
.10.4271/2008-01-01348.
Duchaussoy
,
Y.
,
Lefebvre
,
A.
, and
Bonetto
,
R.
, 2003
, “
Dilution Interest on Turbocharged SI Engine Combustion
,” SAE
Paper No. 2003-01-0629.10.4271/2003-01-06299.
Cairns
,
A.
,
Blaxill
,
H.
, and
Irlam
,
G.
, 2006
, “
Exhaust Gas Recirculation for Improved Part and Full Load Fuel Economy in a Turbocharged Gasoline Engine
,” SAE
Paper No. 2006-01-0047.10.4271/2006-01-004710.
Hedge
,
M.
,
Weber
,
P.
,
Gingrich
,
J.
,
Alger
,
T.
, and
Khalek
,
I.
, 2011
, “
Effect of EGR on Particle Emissions From a GDI Engine
,” SAE Int. J. Engines
,
4
(1
), pp. 650
–666
.10.4271/2011-01-063611.
Alger
,
T.
,
Gingrich
,
J.
,
Khalek
,
I. A.
, and
Mangold
,
B.
, 2010
, “
The Role of EGR in PM Emissions From Gasoline Engines
,” SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr.
,
3
(1
), pp. 85
–98
.10.4271/2010-01-035312.
Chadwell
,
C.
,
Alger
,
T.
,
Zuehl
,
J.
, and
Gukelberger
,
R.
, 2014
, “
A Demonstration of Dedicated EGR on a 2.0 L GDI Engine
,” SAE Int. J. Engines
,
7
(1
), pp. 434
–447
.10.4271/2014-01-119013.
Randolph
,
E.
,
Gukelberger
,
R.
,
Alger
,
T.
,
Briggs
,
T.
,
Chadwell
,
C.
, and
Bosquez
,
A.
, Jr.
, 2017
, “
Methanol Fuel Testing on Port Fuel Injected Internal-Only EGR, HPL-EGR and D-EGR® Engine Configurations
,” SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr.
,
10
(3
), pp. 718
–727
.10.4271/2017-01-228514.
D'Andrea
,
T.
,
Henshaw
,
P.
, and
Ting
,
D.-K.
, 2004
, “
The Addition of Hydrogen to a Gasoline-Fuelled SI Engine
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
,
29
(14
), pp. 1541
–1552
.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2004.02.00215.
Goldwitz
,
J. A.
, 2004
, “Combustion Optimization in a Hydrogen-Enhanced Lean Burn SI Engine,” MS thesis
,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering
, Cambridge, MA
.https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/4393937.pdf16.
Gerty
,
M. D.
, and
Heywood
,
J. B.
, 2006
, “
An Investigation of Gasoline Engine Knock Limited Performance and the Effects of Hydrogen Enhancement
,” SAE
Paper No. 2006-01-0228.10.4271/2006-01-022817.
Askari
,
O.
,
Wang
,
Z.
,
Vien
,
K.
,
Sirio
,
M.
, and
Metghalchi
,
H.
, 2017
, “
On the Flame Stability and Laminar Burning Speeds of Syngas/O2/He Premixed Flame
,” Fuel
,
190
, pp. 90
–103
.10.1016/j.fuel.2016.11.04218.
Morovatiyan
,
M.
,
Shahsavan
,
M.
,
Aguilar
,
J.
, and
Mack
,
J. H.
, 2019
, “
The Effect of Working Fluids on Premixed Hydrogen Combustion in a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber
,” 11th U.S. National Combustion Meeting
, Pasadena, CA, Mar. 24–27.10.31224/osf.io/gz3db19.
Zare
,
S.
,
Roy
,
S.
,
Maadi
,
A. E.
, and
Askari
,
O.
, 2019
, “
An Investigation on Laminar Burning Speed and Flame Structure of Anisole-Air Mixture
,” Fuel
,
244
, pp. 120
–131
.10.1016/j.fuel.2019.01.14920.
Xiouris
,
C.
,
Ye
,
T.
,
Jayachandran
,
J.
, and
Egolfopoulos
,
F. N.
, 2016
, “
Laminar Flame Speeds Under Engine-Relevant Conditions: Uncertainty Quantification and Minimization in Spherically Expanding Flame Experiments
,” Combust. Flame
,
163
, pp. 270
–283
.10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.10.00321.
Morovatiyan
,
M.
,
Shahsavan
,
M.
,
Aguilar
,
J.
, and
Mack
,
J. H.
, 2021
, “
Effect of Argon Concentration on Laminar Burning Velocity and Flame Speed of Hydrogen Mixtures in a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber
,” ASME J. Energy Resour. Technol.
,
143
(3
), p. 032301
.10.1115/1.404801922.
Keck
,
J. C.
, 1982
, “
Turbulent Flame Structure and Speed in Spark-Ignition Engines
,” Symp. (Int.) Combust.
,
19
(1
), pp. 1451
–1466
.10.1016/S0082-0784(82)80322-623.
Menon
,
S.
, and
Kerstein
,
A. R.
, 1992
, “
Stochastic Simulation of the Structure and Propagation Rate of Turbulent Premixed Flames
,” Symp. (Int.) Combust.
,
24
(1
), pp. 443
–450
.10.1016/S0082-0784(06)80057-324.
Shy
,
S.
,
Ronney
,
P.
,
Buckley
,
S.
, and
Yakhot
,
V.
, 1992
, “
Experimental Simulation of Premixed Turbulent Combustion Using Aqueous Autocatalytic Reactions
,” Symp. (Int.) Combust.
,
24
(1
), pp. 543
–551
.10.1016/S0082-0784(06)80069-X25.
Dong
,
Y.
,
Holley
,
A. T.
,
Andac
,
M. G.
,
Egolfopoulos
,
F. N.
,
Davis
,
S. G.
,
Middha
,
P.
, and
Wang
,
H.
, 2005
, “
Extinction of Premixed H2/Air Flames: Chemical Kinetics and Molecular Diffusion Effects
,” Combust. Flame
,
142
(4
), pp. 374
–387
.10.1016/j.combustflame.2005.03.01726.
Dooley
,
S.
,
Burke
,
M. P.
,
Chaos
,
M.
,
Stein
,
Y.
,
Dryer
,
F. L.
,
Zhukov
,
V. P.
,
Finch
,
O.
,
Simmie
,
J. M.
, and
Curran
,
H. J.
, 2010
, “
Methyl Formate Oxidation: Speciation Data, Laminar Burning Velocities, Ignition Delay Times, and a Validated Chemical Kinetic Model
,” Int. J. Chem. Kinetics
,
42
(9
), pp. 527
–549
.10.1002/kin.2051227.
Morovatiyan
,
M.
,
Shahsavan
,
M.
, and
Shen
,
M.
, “
Investigation of the Effect of Electrode Surface Roughness on Spark Ignition
,” ASME
Paper No. ICEF2018-9691.10.1115/ICEF2018-969128.
Trochim
,
W. M.
, and
Donnelly
,
J. P.
, 2001
, Research Methods Knowledge Base
,
Atomic Dog Publishing
,
Cincinnati, OH
.29.
Chen
,
Z.
,
Burke
,
M. P.
, and
Ju
,
Y.
, 2009
, “
Effects of Compression and Stretch on the Determination of Laminar Flame Speeds Using Propagating Spherical Flames
,” Combust. Theory Model.
,
13
(2
), pp. 343
–364
.10.1080/1364783080263219230.
Metghalchi
,
M.
, and
Keck
,
J. C.
, 1982
, “
Burning Velocities of Mixtures of Air With Methanol, Isooctane, and Indolene at High Pressure and Temperature
,” Combust. Flame
,
48
, pp. 191
–210
.10.1016/0010-2180(82)90127-431.
Goodwin
,
D. G.
,
Speth
,
R. L.
,
Moffat
,
H. K.
, and
Weber
,
B. W.
, 2018
, “Cantera: An Object-Oriented Software Toolkit for Chemical Kinetics, Thermodynamics, and Transport Processes, Version 2.4.0 ed.
”.https://zenodo.org/record/1174508#.X618BvMzbZ432.
Chase
,
J. M. W.
, 1998
, NIST-JANAF Thermochemical Tables
,
American Chemical Society; American Institute of Physics for the National Institute of Standards and Technology
,
Washington, DC
.33.
Carlanescu
,
R.
,
Mangra
,
T.
,
Kuncser
,
A.
,
Florean
,
R. F.
, and
Enache
,
M.
, 2017
, “
The Analysis of the Combustion of Premixed Methane-Hydrogen Mixtures Stabilised by an Inovative Swirl Injector
,” Tenth Mediterranean Combustion Symposium
, Naples, Italy, Sept. 17–21.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326692878_The_Analysis_Of_The_Combustion_Of_Premixed_Methane-Hydrogen_Mixtures_Stabilised_By_An_Innovative_Swirl_Injector34.
Carlanescu
,
R.
,
Prisecaru
,
T.
,
Prisecaru
,
M.
, and
Soriga
,
I.
, 2018
, “
Swirl Injector for Premixed Combustion of Hydrogen–Methane Mixtures
,” ASME J. Energy Resour. Technol.
,
140
(7
), p. 072002
.10.1115/1.403926735.
Di Iorio
,
S.
,
Sementa
,
P.
, and
Vaglieco
,
B. M.
, 2014
, “
Experimental Investigation on the Combustion Process in a Spark Ignition Optically Accessible Engine Fueled With Methane/Hydrogen Blends
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
,
39
(18
), pp. 9809
–9823
.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.04.06536.
Wang
,
Z.
,
Bai
,
Z.
,
Yu
,
G.
,
Yelishala
,
S.
, and
Metghalchi
,
H.
, 2019
, “
The Critical Pressure at the Onset of Flame Instability of Syngas/Air/Diluent Outwardly Expanding Flame at Different Initial Temperatures and Pressures
,” ASME J. Energy Resour. Technol.
,
141
(8
), p. 082207
.10.1115/1.4042720Copyright © 2021 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
