... A in = internal cross-sectional area of pipe (m 2 ) c p = specific heat capacity (kJ/kg K) C B = bend loss coefficient CFD = computational fluid dynamics D 1 = internal pipe diameter (m) D 2 = external pipe diameter (m) f oil = friction factor for the oil Fr...

... measurement fluid dynamics nozzles optical variables measurement Rayleigh scattering turbomachinery 15 04 2010 06 05 2010 10 11 2010 10 11 2010 2011 American Society of Mechanical Engineers ...

.... The role of bend geometry and, in particular, the short and long radii, surface roughness, wall shear stress, and local turbulence, is discussed. Computational fluid dynamics calculations and plant artifact measurements for short- and long-radius bends are presented. The effect of the close proximity...

... are coupled with experimentally derived empirical equations, or time-consuming computations are used. Coupling nonequilibrium chemistry, fluid dynamic, and initial and boundary condition equations results in large sets of numerically stiff equations; and their time integration demands enormous computational...