Metal hydrides are formed when certain metals or alloys are exposed to hydrogen at favorable temperatures and pressures. In order to sustain the sorption of hydrogen during this exothermic process, the generated heat has to be removed effectively. Release of hydrogen is an endothermic process needing supply of heat to the metal hydride matrix. Depending on the application, the heat transfer medium can be either a liquid or a gas. Reduction of the total weight of hydrogen storage devices is essential toward utilization of hydrogen for mobile and portable applications. While a variety of new storage materials with desirable sorption characteristics are being suggested, optimal thermal design of the storage device remains a major challenge. Lack of thermodynamic, transport, and thermophysical property data of the material particles and of the bed is another drawback which needs to be addressed.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
References
1.
Shastri
, M. V. C.
, Viswanathan
B.
, and Srinivasa Murthy
S.
, 1998, Metal Hydrides: Recent Developments
, Springer Verlag
, Berlin
.2.
Srinivasa Murthy
, S.
, and Ram Gopal
, M.
, 1997, “Heat and Mass Transfer in Metal Hydride Reactors: Influence on Design and Performance of Heating and Cooling Systems
, “Proceedings of Fourteenth National Heat and Mass Transfer Conference/Third ISHMT—ASME Heat and Mass Transfer Conference, Kanpur
, Dec. 29–31, pp. 73
–84
.3.
Sankaran
, M.
, Viswanathan
, B.
, and Srinivasa Murthy
, S.
, 2008, “Boron Substituted Carbon Nanotubes—How Appropriate are They for Hydrogen Storage?
,” Int. J Hydrogen Energy
, 33
, pp. 393
–403
.4.
Mohan
G.
, Prakash Maiya
, M.
, and Srinivasa Murthy
, S.
, 2009, “A Cell Based Approach to Determine the Minimum Weight of Metal Hydride Hydrogen Storage Devices
,” ASME 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability (ES 2009), San Francisco
, July 19–23.5.
Mohan
, G.
, Prakash Maiya
, M.
, and Srinivasa Murthy
, S.
, 2008, “Performance of Air Cooled Hydrogen Storage Device with External Fins
,” Int. J. Low Carbon Technol.
, 3
, pp. 265
–281
.6.
Mohan
, G.
, Prakash Maiya
, M.
, and Srinivasa Murthy
, S.
, 2010, “The Performance Simulation of Air Cooled Hydrogen Storage Device With Plate Fins
,” Int. J. Low Carbon Technol.
, 5
, pp. 25
–34
.7.
Mohan
, G.
, Prakash Maiya
, M.
, and Srinivasa Murthy
, S.
, 2007, “Performance Simulation of Metal Hydride Hydrogen Storage Device With Embedded Filters and Heat Exchanger Tubes
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 32
, pp. 4978
–4987
.8.
Ram Gopal
, M.
, and Srinivasa Murthy
, S.
, 1995, “Studies on Heat and Mass Transfer in Metal Hydride Beds
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 20
, pp. 911
–917
.9.
Ram Gopal
, M.
, and Srinivasa Murthy
, S.
, 1993, “Parametric Studies on Heat and Mass Transfer in Metal Hydride Beds
,” Chem. Eng. Process.
, 32
, pp. 217
–223
.10.
Ram Gopal
, M.
, and Srinivasa Murthy
, S.
, 1992, “Prediction of Heat and Mass Transfer in Annular Cylinderical Metal Hydride Beds
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 17
, pp. 795
–805
.11.
Ram Gopal
, M.
, and Srinivasa Murthy
, S.
, 1995, “Prediction of Metal Hydride Refrigerator Performance Based on Reactor Heat and Mass Transfer
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 20
, pp. 607
–614
.12.
Ram Gopal
, M.
, and Srinivasa Murthy
, S.
, 1995, “Prediction of Metal Hydride Heat Transformer Performance Based on Heat Transfer and Reaction Kinetics
,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
, 34
, pp. 2305
–2313
.13.
Phate
, A. K.
, Maiya
, M. P.
, and Srinivasa Murthy
, S.
, 2007, “Simulation of Transient Heat and Mass Transfer During Hydrogen Sorption in Cylindrical Metal Hydride Beds
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 32
, pp. 1969
–1981
.14.
Nishizaki
, T.
, Miyamoto
, K.
, and Yoshida
, K.
, 1983, “Coefficients of Performance of Hydride Heat Pumps
,” J. Less-Common Met.
, 89
, pp. 559
–566
.15.
Bjurstrom
, H.
, Suda
, S.
, and Lewis
, D.
, 1987, “A Numerical Expression for the P-C-T Properties of Metal Hydrides
,” J. Less-Common Met.
, 130
, pp. 365
–370
.16.
Lucas
, G. G.
, and Richards
, W. L.
, 1984, “Mathematical Modeling of Hydrogen Storage Systems
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 9
, pp. 225
–231
.17.
Mayer
, U.
, Groll
, M.
, and Supper
, W.
, 1987, “Heat and Mass Transfer in Metal Hydride Reaction Beds: Experimental and Theoretical Results
,” J. Less-Common Met.
, 131
, pp. 235
–244
.18.
Nakagawa
, T.
, Inomata
, A.
, Aoki
, H.
, Miura
, T.
, 2000, “Numerical Analysis of Heat and Mass Transfer Characteristics in the Metal Hydride Bed
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 25
, pp. 339
–350
.19.
Dogan
, A.
, Kaplan
, Y.
, and Veziroglu
, T. N.
, 2004, “Numerical Investigation of Heat and Mass Transfer in a Metal Hydride Bed
,” Appl. Math. Comput.
, 150
, pp. 169
–180
.20.
Gadre
, S. A.
, Ebner
, A. D.
, Al-Muhtaseb
, S. A.
, and Ritter
, J. A.
, 2003, “Practical Modeling of Metal Hydride Hydrogen Storage Systems
,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
, 42
, pp. 1713
–1722
.21.
Marty
, P.
, Fourmigue
, J. F.
, De Rango
, P.
, Fruchart
, D.
, and Charbonnier
, J.
, 2006, “Numerical Simulation of Heat and Mass Transfer During the Absorption of Hydrogen in Magnesium Hydride
,” Energy Convers. Manage.
, 47
, pp. 3632
–3643
.22.
Askri
, F.
, Jemni
, A.
, Nasrallah
, S. B.
, 2004, “Prediction of Transient Heat and Mass Transfer in a Closed Metal-Hydrogen Reactor
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 29
, pp. 195
–208
.23.
MacDonald
, B.
, and Rowe
, A.
, 2006, “Impacts of External Heat Transfer Enhancements on Metal Hydride Storage Tanks
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 31
, pp. 1721
–1731
.24.
Choi
, H.
, and Mills
, A. F.
, 1990, “Heat and Mass Transfer in Metal Hydride Beds for Heat Pump Applications
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
, 33
, pp. 1281
–1288
.25.
Gambini
, M.
, 1994, “Metal Hydride Energy Systems Performance Evaluation. Part A: Dynamic Analysis Model of Heat and Mass Transfer
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 19
, pp. 67
–80
.26.
Artemov
, V. I.
, Yan’kov
, G. G.
, and Lazarev
, D. O.
, 2005, “Hydrogen Absorption From Gas Mixture in a Metal Hydride Reactor: Mathematical Model and Numerical Results
,” IPHE International Hydrogen Storage Technology Conference, Italy
.27.
Dehouche
, A.
, de Jong
, W.
, Willers
, E.
, Isselhorst
, A.
, and Groll
, M.
, 1998, “Modeling and Simulation of Heating/Air-Conditioning Systems Using the Multi-Hydride-Thermal-Wave Concept
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 18
, pp. 457
–480
.28.
Anil Kumar
, E.
, (2010), “Measurement and Analysis of Thermodynamic and Thermophysical Properties of Mischmetal Based Hydriding Alloys
,” Ph.D. thesis, Mechanical Engineering. Department, Indian Institute of Technology Chennai, India.29.
Suda
, S.
, Kobayashi
, N.
, Yoshida
, K.
, Ishido
, Y.
, and Ono
, S.
, 1980, “Experimental Measurements of Thermal Conductivity
,” J. Less-Common Met.
, 74
, pp. 127
–136
.30.
Suda
, S.
, Kobayashi
, N.
, and Yoshida
, K.
, 1981, “Thermal Conductivity in Metal Hydride Beds
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 6
, pp. 521
–528
.31.
Suissa
, E.
, Jacob
, I.
, and Hadari
, Z.
, 1984, “Experimental Measurements and General Conclusions on the Effective Thermal Conductivity of Powdered Metal Hydrides
,” J. Less-Common Met.
, 104
, pp. 287
–295
.32.
Sun
, D. W.
, and Deng
, S. J.
, 1990, “Theoretical Descriptions and Experimental Measurements on the Effective Thermal Conductivity in Metal Hydride Powder Beds
,” J. Less-Common Met.
, 160
, pp. 387
–395
.33.
Ishido
, Y.
, Kawamura
, M.
, and Ono
, S.
, 1982, “Thermal Conductivity of Magnesium-Nickel Hydride Powder Beds in a Hydrogen Atmosphere
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 7
, pp. 173
–182
.34.
Hahne
, E.
, and Kallweit
, J.
, 1998, “Thermal Conductivity of Metal Hydride Materials for Storage of Hydrogen Experimental Investigations
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 23
, pp. 107
–114
.35.
Kapischke
, J.
, and Hapke
, J.
, 1994, “Measurement of the Effective Thermal Conductivity of a Metal Hydride Bed With Chemical Reaction
,” Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci.
, 9
, pp. 337
–344
.36.
Kapischke
, J.
, and Hapke
, J.
, 1998, “Measurement of the Effective Thermal Conductivity of a Mg-MgH2 Packed Bed With Oscillating Heating
,” Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci.
, 17
, pp. 347
–355
.37.
Kempf
, P.
, and Martin
, W. R. B.
, 1986, “Measurement of Thermal Properties of TiFe0.85Mn0.15 and Its Hydrides
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 11
, pp. 107
–116
.38.
Pons
, M.
, and Dantzer
, P.
, 1994, “Determination of Thermal Conductivity and Wall Heat Transfer Coefficient of Hydrogen Storage Materials
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 4
, pp. 19:611
–19:616
.39.
Godell
, P. D.
, 1980, “Thermal Conductivity of Hydriding Alloy Powders and Comparison of Reactor Systems
,” J. Less-Common Met.
, 74
, pp. 175
–184
.40.
Nagel
, M.
, Komazaki
, Y.
, and Suda
, S.
, 1986, “Effective Thermal Conductivity of a Metal Hydride Bed Augmented With a Copper Wire Matrix
,” J. Less-Common Met.
, 120
, pp. 35
–43
.41.
Ron
, M.
, Bershadsky
, E.
, and Josephy
, Y.
, 1992, “Thermal Conductivity of PMH Compacts, Measurements and Evaluation
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 17
, pp. 623
–630
.42.
Sanchez
, A. R.
, Klein
, H. P.
, and Groll
, M.
, 2003, “Expanded Graphite as Heat Transfer Matrix in Metal Hydride Beds
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 28
, pp. 515
–527
.43.
Ishikawa
, H.
, Oguro
, K.
, Kato
, A.
, Suzuki
, H.
, and Ishii
, E.
, 1986, “Preparation and Properties of Hydrogen Storage Alloys Microencapsulated by Copper
,” J. Less-Common Met.
, 120
, pp. 123
–133
.44.
Kim
, K. J.
, Lloyd
, G.
, Razani
, A.
, and Feldman
, K. T.
, 1998, “Development of LaNi5/Cu/Sn Metal Hydride Powder Composites
,” Powder Technol.
, 99
, pp. 40
–45
.45.
Kim
, K. J.
, Montoya
, B.
, Razani
, A.
, and Lee
, K. H.
, 2001, “Metal Hydride Compacts of Improved Thermal Conductivity
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 26
, pp. 609
–613
.46.
Suda
, S.
, Kobayashi
, N.
, Morishita
, E.
, and Takemoto
, N.
, 1983, “Heat Transmission Analysis of Metal Hydride Beds
,” J. Less-Common Met.
, 89
, pp. 325
–332
.47.
Sun
, D.
, and Deng
, S.
, 1988, “Study of the Heat and Mass Transfer Characteristics of Metal Hydride Beds
,” J. Less-Common Met.
, 141
, pp. 37
–43
.48.
Laurencelle
, F.
, and Goyette
, J.
, 2007, “Simulation of Heat Transfer in a Metal Hydride Reactor With Aluminum Foam
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 32
, pp. 2957
–2964
.49.
Golben
, P. M.
, and Lee Huston
, E.
, 1983, “A Technique for Analyzing Reversible Metal Hydride System Performance
,” J. Less-Common Met.
, 89
, pp. 333
–340
.50.
Mintz
, M. H.
, 1991, “Mixed Mechanisms Controlling Hydrogen-Metal Reactions Under Steady-State Conditions: The Diffusion-Interface Mechanism
,” J. Alloys Compd.
, 176
, pp. 77
–87
.51.
Lu
, H.-B.
, Mazet
, N.
, and Spinner
, B.
, 1996, “Modeling of Gas-Solid Reaction-Coupling of Heat and Mass Transfer With Chemical Reaction
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
, 51
, pp. 3829
–3845
.52.
Lynch
, F.
, 1980, “Operating Characteristics of High Performance Commercial Metal Hydride Heat Exchangers
,” J. Less-Common Met.
, 74
, pp. 411
–418
.53.
Suda
, S.
, Kobayashi
, N.
, Morishita
, E.
, and Takemoto
, N.
, 1983, “Heat Transmission Analysis of Metal Hydride Beds
,” J. Less-Common Met.
, 89
, pp. 325
–332
.54.
Golben
, P. M.
, and Lee Huston
, E.
, 1983, “A Technique for Analyzing Reversible Metal Hydride System Performance
,” J. Less-Common Met.
, 89
, pp. 333
–340
.55.
Yang
, F.
, Meng
, X.
, Deng
, J.
, Wang
, Y.
, and Zhang
, Z.
, 2008, “Identifying Heat and Mass Transfer Characteristics of Metal Hydride Reactor During Adsorption-Parameter Analysis and Numerical Study
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 33
, pp. 1014
–1022
.56.
Jemni
, A.
, and Nasrallah
, S. B.
, 1995, “Study of Two Dimensional Heat and Mass Transfer During Absorption in a Metal-Hydrogen Reactor
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 20
, pp. 43
–52
.57.
Groll
, M.
, Supper
, W.
, Mayer
, U.
, and Brost
, O.
, 1987, “Heat and Mass Transfer Limitations in Metal Hydride Reaction Beds
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 12
, pp. 89
–97
.58.
Kikkinides
, E. S.
, Georgiadis
, M. C.
, and Stubos
, A. K.
, 2006, “On the Optimization of Hydrogen Storage in Metal Hydride Beds
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 31
, pp. 737
–751
.59.
Freni
, A.
, Cipiti
, F.
, and Cacciola
, G.
, 2009, “Finite Element Based Simulation of a Metal Hydride Based Hydrogen Storage Tank
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 34
, pp. 8574
–8582
.60.
Krokos
, C. A.
, Nikolic
, D.
, Kikkinides
, E. S.
, Georgiadis
, M. C.
, and Stubos
, A. K.
, 2009, “Modeling and Optimization of Multi-tubular Metal Hydride Beds for Efficient Hydrogen Storage
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 34
, pp. 9128
–9140
.61.
Hydride Information Centre, Sandia National Laboratories, http://www.hydpark.ca.sandia.govhttp://www.hydpark.ca.sandia.gov.
62.
Rzepka
, M.
, Lamp
, P.
, and de la Casa-Lillo
, M. A.
, 1998, “Physisorption of Hydrogen on Microporous Carbon and Carbon Nanotubes
,” J. Phys. Chem. B
, 102
, pp. 10894
–10898
.63.
Benard
, P.
, and Chahine
, R.
, 2001, “Modelling of Adsorption Storage of Hydrogen on Activated Carbons
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 26
, pp. 849
–855
.64.
Xu
, W. C.
, Takahashi
, K.
, Matsuo
, Y.
, Hattori
, Y.
, Kumagai
, M.
, Ishiyama
, S.
, Kaneko
, K.
, and Iijima
, S.
, 2007, “Investigation of Hydrogen Storage Capacity of Various Carbon Materials
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 32
, pp. 2504
–2512
.65.
Zhou
, L.
, Zhou
, Y.
, and Sun
, Y.
, 2006, “Studies on the Mechanism and Capacity of Hydrogen Uptake by Physisorption Based Materials
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 31
, pp. 259
–264
.66.
Georgiev
, P. A.
, Ross
, D. K.
, Albers
, P.
, and Cuesta
, A. J. R.
, 2006, “The Rotational and Translational Dynamics of Molecular Hydrogen Physisorbed in Activated Carbon: A Direct Probe of Microporosity and Hydrogen Storage Performance
,” Carbon
, 44
, pp. 2724
–2738
.67.
Thomas
, K. M.
, 2007, “Hydrogen Adsorption and Storage on Porous Materials
,” Catal. Today
, 120
, pp. 389
–398
.68.
Paggiaro
, R.
, Benard
, P.
, and Polifke
W.
, 2010, “Cryo-Adsorptive Hydrogen Storage on Activated Arbon. I: Thermodynamic Analysis of Adsorption Vessels and Comparison With Liquid and Compressed Gas Hydrogen Storage
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 35
, pp. 638
–647
.69.
Guan
, C.
, Wanga
, K.
, Yang
, C.
, and Zhao
, X. S.
, 2009, “Characterization of a Zeolite-Templated Carbon for H2 Storage Application
,” Microporous Mesoporous Mater.
, 118
, pp. 503
–507
.70.
Zhou
, L.
, 2005, “Progress and Problems in Hydrogen Storage Methods
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 9
, pp. 395
–408
.71.
Dillon
, A. C.
, Jones
, K. M.
, Bekkedahl
, T. A.
, Kiang
, C. H.
, Bethune
, D. S.
, and Heben
, M. J.
, 1997, “Storage of Hydrogen in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
,” Nature (London)
, 386
, pp. 377
–379
.72.
Ye
, Y.
, Ahn
, C. C.
, Witham
, C.
, Fultz
, B.
, Liu
, J.
, Rinzler
, A. G.
, Colbert
, D.
, Smith
, K. A.
, and Smalley
, R. E.
, 1999, “Hydrogen Adsorption and Cohesive Energy of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
, 74
, pp. 2307
–2309
.73.
Liu
, C.
, Fan
, Y. Y.
, Liu
, M.
, Cong
, H. T.
, Cheng
, H. M.
, and Dresselhaus
, M. S.
, 1999, “Hydrogen Storage in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes at Room Temperature
,” Science
, 286
, pp. 1127
–1129
.74.
Wang
, Q. Y.
, Johnson
, J. K.
, 1999, “Optimization of Carbon Nanotube Arrays for Hydrogen Adsorption
,” J. Phys. Chem. B
, 103
, pp. 4809
–4813
.75.
Wu
, X. B.
, Chen
, P.
, Lin
, J.
, Tan
, K. L.
, 1999, “Hydrogen Uptake by Carbon Nanotubes
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 25
, pp. 261
–265
.76.
Hirscher
, M.
, Becher
, M.
, Haluska
, M.
, Quintel
, A.
, Skakalova
, V.
, and Choi
Y. M.
, 2002, “Hydrogen Storage in Carbon Nanostructures
,” J. Alloys Compd.
, 330
, pp. 654
–658
.77.
Yin
, Y. F.
, Mays
, T.
, and McEnaney
, B.
, 2000, “Molecular Simulations of Hydrogen Storage in Carbon Nanotubes Arrays
,” Langmuir
, 16
, pp. 10521
–10527
.78.
Cao
, A. Y.
, Zhu
, M. W.
, Zhang
, X. F.
, Li
, X. S.
, Ruan
, D. B.
, Xu
, C. L.
, Wei
, B. Q.
, Liang
, J.
, Wu
, D. H.
, 2001, “Hydrogen Storage of Dense-Aligned Catbon Nanotubes
,” Chem. Phys. Lett.
, 342
, pp. 510
–514
.79.
Chen
, P.
, Wu
, X.
, Lin
, J.
, and Tan
, K. L.
, 1999, “High Hydrogen Uptake by Alkali-Doped Carbon Nanotubes Under Ambient Pressure and Moderate Temperatures
,” Science
, 285
, pp. 91
–93
.80.
Yang
, R.,T.
, 2000, “Hydrogen Storage by Alkali-Doped Carbon Nanotubes-Revisited
,” Carbon
, 38
, pp. 623
–626
.81.
Zhu
, H.,W.
, Li
, X. S.
, Ci
, L. J.
, Xu
, C. L.
, Wu
, D. H.
, and Mao
, Z. Q.
, 2003, “Hydrogen Storage in Heat-Treated Carbon Nanofibers Prepared by the Vertical Floating Catalyst Method
,” Mater. Chem. Phys.
, 78
, pp. 670
–675
.82.
Pinkerton
, F. E.
, Wicke
, B. G.
, Olk
, C. H.
, Tibbetts
, G. G.
, Meisner
, G. P.
, Meyer
, M. S.
, and Herbst
, J. F.
, 2000, “Thermogravimetric Measurement of Hydrogen Absorption in Alkali-Modified Carbon Materials
,” J. Phys. Chem. B
, 104
, pp. 9460
–9467
.83.
Chambers
, A.
, Parks
, C.
, Baker
, R. T. K.
, and Rodriguez
, N. M.
, 1998, “Hydrogen Storage in Graphite Nanofiber
,” J. Phys. Chem. B
, 102
, pp. 4253
–4256
.84.
Fan
, Y. Y.
, Liao
, B.
, Wei
, Y. L.
, Lu
, M. Q.
, and Cheng
H. M.
, 1999, “Hydrogen Uptake in Vapor-Grown Carbon Nanofibers
,” Carbon
, 37
, pp. 1649
–1652
.85.
Cheng
, H. M.
, Liu
, C.
, Fan
, Y. Y.
, Li
, F.
, Su
, G.
, Cong
, H. T.
, He
, L. L.
, and Liu
, M.
, 2000, “Synthesis and Hydrogen Storage of Carbon Nanofibers and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
,” Zeitschrift fur Metallkunde
, 91
, pp. 306
–310
.86.
Orimo
, S.
, Meyer
, G.
, Fukunaga
, T.
, Züttel
, A.
, Schlapbach
, L.
, and Fujii
, H.
, 1999, “Hydrogen in Mechanically Prepared Nanostructured Graphite
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
, 75
, pp. 3093
–3095
.87.
Hirscher
, M.
, Becher
, M.
, Haluska
, M.
, Dettlaff-Weglikowska
, U.
, Quintel
, A.
, Duesberg
, G. S.
, Choli
, Y. M.
, Downes
, P.
, Hulman
, M.
, Roth
, S.
, Stepanek
, I.
, and Bernier
, P.
, 2001, “Hydrogen Storage in Sonicated Carbon Materials
,” Appl. Phys. A.: Mater. Sci. Process.
, 72
, pp. 129
–132
.88.
Anson
, A.
, Callejas
, M. A.
, Benito
, A. M.
, Maser
, W. K.
, 2004, “Hydrogen Adsorption Studies on Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes
,” Carbon
, 42
, pp. 1243
–1248
.89.
Yang
, S. J.
, Cho
, J. H.
, Oh
, G. H.
, Nahm
, K. S.
, and Park
, C. R.
, 2009, “Easy Synthesis of Highly Nitrogen-Enriched Graphitic Carbon With a High Hydrogen Storage Capacity at Room Temperature
,” Carbon
, 47
, pp. 1585
–1591
.90.
Kunowsky
, M.
, Lozar
, J. P. M.
, Amoros
, D. C.
, and Solano
, A. L.
, 2010, “Scale-Up Activation of Carbon Fibers for Hydrogen Storage
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 35
, pp. 2393
–2402
.91.
Claye
, A.
, and Fischer
, J. E.
, 1999, “Short-Range Order in Disordered Carbons: Where Does the Li Go?
,” Electrochim. Acta
, 45
, pp. 107
–120
.92.
Hardy
, B. J.
, and Anton
, D. L.
, 2009, “Hierarchical Methodology for Modeling Hydrogen Storage Systems. Part I: Scoping Models
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 34
, pp. 2269
–2277
.93.
Hardy
, B. J.
, Anton
, D. L.
, 2009, “Hierarchical Methodology for Modeling Hydrogen Storage Systems. Part II: Detailed Models
,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
, 34
, pp. 2992
–3004
.Copyright © 2012
by American Society of Mechanical Engineers
You do not currently have access to this content.
