Abstract
It has been shown that the performance of a thermal radiative device, such as a thermophotovoltaic (TPV) and an electroluminescent (EL) refrigerator, can be significantly enhanced when the vacuum gap between a reservoir and a semiconductor diode becomes nanoscale. Recently, several studies have reported the integration of a TPV and a light emitting diode (LED) in one near-field thermal radiative device to improve the operation efficiency. However, surface polaritons were hardly exploited in previous research because bare semiconductor diodes were used. In this paper, we propose a TPV-LED integrated near-field EL refrigeration system consisting of two graphene-semiconductor Schottky diodes. A substantial refrigeration rate (101.9 kW/m2) is achieved owing to the coupling of surface plasmon-phonon polaritons excited by a symmetric configuration of graphene-polar materials. Moreover, the cooling coefficient of performance (COP) of the system can be enhanced up to 2.65 times by recycling the electrical power generated in the TPV cell. The cooling performance is further investigated in relation to design parameters, namely the doping concentration of Si and insulator thickness.
Issue Section:
Heat and Mass Transfer
References
1.
Tervo
,
E.
,
Bagherisereshki
,
E.
, and
Zhang
,
Z.
, 2018
, “
Near-Field Radiative Thermoelectric Energy Converters: A Review
,” Front. Energy
,
12
(1
), pp. 5
–21
.10.1007/s11708-017-0517-z2.
Lin
,
C.
,
Wang
,
B.
,
Teo
,
K. H.
, and
Zhang
,
Z.
, 2018
, “
A Coherent Description of Thermal Radiative Devices and Its Application on the Near-Field Negative Electroluminescent Cooling
,” Energy
,
147
, pp. 177
–186
.10.1016/j.energy.2018.01.0053.
Laroche
,
M.
,
Carminati
,
R.
, and
Greffet
,
J.-J.
, 2006
, “
Near-Field Thermophotovoltaic Energy Conversion
,” J. Appl. Phys.
,
100
(6
), p. 063704
.10.1063/1.22345604.
Park
,
K.
,
Basu
,
S.
,
King
,
W. P.
, and
Zhang
,
Z. M.
, 2008
, “
Performance Analysis of Near-Field Thermophotovoltaic Devices Considering Absorption Distribution
,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer
,
109
(2
), pp. 305
–316
.10.1016/j.jqsrt.2007.08.0225.
Francoeur
,
M.
,
Vaillon
,
R.
, and
Mengüç
,
M. P.
, 2011
, “
Thermal Impacts on the Performance of Nanoscale-Gap Thermophotovoltaic Power Generators
,” IEEE Trans. Energy Conv.
,
26
(2
), pp. 686
–698
.10.1109/TEC.2011.21182126.
Messina
,
R.
, and
Ben-Abdallah
,
P.
, 2013
, “
Graphene-Based Photovoltaic Cells for Near-Field Thermal Energy Conversion
,” Sci. Rep.
,
3
, p. 1383
.10.1038/srep013837.
Svetovoy
,
V. B.
, and
Palasantzas
,
G.
, 2014
, “
Graphene-on-Silicon Near-Field Thermophotovoltaic Cell
,” Phys. Rev. Appl.
,
2
(3
), p. 034006
.10.1103/PhysRevApplied.2.0340068.
Lim
,
M.
,
Jin
,
S.
,
Lee
,
S. S.
, and
Lee
,
B. J.
, 2015
, “
Graphene-Assisted Si-InSb Thermophotovoltaic System for Low Temperature Applications
,” Opt. Express
,
23
(7
), pp. A240
–A253
.10.1364/OE.23.00A2409.
Chen
,
K.
,
Santhanam
,
P.
,
Sandhu
,
S.
,
Zhu
,
L.
, and
Fan
,
S.
, 2015
, “
Heat-Flux Control and Solid-State Cooling by Regulating Chemical Potential of Photons in Near-Field Electromagnetic Heat Transfer
,” Phys. Rev. B
,
91
(13
), p. 134301
.10.1103/PhysRevB.91.13430110.
Liu
,
X.
, and
Zhang
,
Z. M.
, 2016
, “
High-Performance Electroluminescent Refrigeration Enabled by Photon Tunneling
,” Nano Energy
,
26
, pp. 353
–359
.10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.05.04911.
Chen
,
K.
,
Santhanam
,
P.
, and
Fan
,
S.
, 2016
, “
Near-Field Enhanced Negative Luminescent Refrigeration
,” Phys. Rev. Appl.
,
6
(2
), p. 024014
.10.1103/PhysRevApplied.6.02401412.
Chen
,
K.
,
Xiao
,
T. P.
,
Santhanam
,
P.
,
Yablonovitch
,
E.
, and
Fan
,
S.
, 2017
, “
High-Performance Near-Field Electroluminescent Refrigeration Device Consisting of a GaAs Light Emitting Diode and a Si Photovoltaic Cell
,” J. Appl. Phys.
,
122
(14
), p. 143104
.10.1063/1.500771213.
DeSutter
,
J.
,
Vaillon
,
R.
, and
Francoeur
,
M.
, 2017
, “
External Luminescence and Photon Recycling in Near-Field Thermophotovoltaics
,” Phys. Rev. Appl.
,
8
(1
), p. 014030
.10.1103/PhysRevApplied.8.01403014.
Yang
,
Y.
,
Chang
,
J.-Y.
,
Sabbaghi
,
P.
, and
Wang
,
L.
, 2017
, “
Performance Analysis of a Near-Field Thermophotovoltaic Device With a Metallodielectric Selective Emitter and Electrical Contacts for the Photovoltaic Cell
,” ASME J. Heat Transfer
,
139
(5
), p. 052701
.10.1115/1.403483915.
Zhao
,
B.
,
Santhanam
,
P.
,
Chen
,
K.
,
Buddhiraju
,
S.
, and
Fan
,
S.
, 2018
, “
Near-Field Thermophotonic Systems for Low-Grade Waste-Heat Recovery
,” Nano Lett.
,
18
(8
), pp. 5224
–5230
.10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b0218416.
Lim
,
M.
,
Song
,
J.
,
Kim
,
J.
,
Lee
,
S. S.
,
Lee
,
I.
, and
Lee
,
B. J.
, 2018
, “
Optimization of a Near-Field Thermophotovoltaic System Operating at Low Temperature and Large Vacuum Gap
,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer
,
210
, pp. 35
–43
.10.1016/j.jqsrt.2018.02.00617.
Song
,
J.
,
Lim
,
M.
,
Lee
,
S. S.
, and
Lee
,
B. J.
, 2019
, “
Analysis of Photocurrent Generation Within a Schottky-Junction-Based Near-Field Thermophotovoltaic System
,” Phys. Rev. Appl.
,
11
(4
), p. 044040
.10.1103/PhysRevApplied.11.04404018.
Liao
,
T.
, and
Wang
,
Z.-Y.
, 2019
, “
Graphene/n-Type Silicon Schottky Near-Field Thermophotovoltaic Cell
,” J. Photonics Energy
,
9
(1
), p. 1
.10.1117/1.JPE.9.01450219.
Vaillon
,
R.
,
Pérez
,
J.-P.
,
Lucchesi
,
C.
,
Cakiroglu
,
D.
,
Chapuis
,
P.-O.
,
Taliercio
,
T.
, and
Tournié
,
E.
, 2019
, “
Micron-Sized Liquid Nitrogen-Cooled Indium Antimonide Photovoltaic Cell for Near-Field Thermophotovoltaics
,” Opt. Express
,
27
(4
), pp. A11
–A24
.10.1364/OE.27.000A1120.
Zhang
,
Z. M.
, 2007
, Nano/Microscale Heat Transfer
,
McGrawHill
, New York.21.
Basu
,
S.
, 2016
, Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer Across Nanometer Vacuum Gaps: Fundamentals and Applications
,
William Andrew
, Norwich, CT.22.
Fiorino
,
A.
,
Zhu
,
L.
,
Thompson
,
D.
,
Mittapally
,
R.
,
Reddy
,
P.
, and
Meyhofer
,
E.
, 2018
, “
Nanogap Near-Field Thermophotovoltaics
,” Nat. Nanotech.
,
13
(9
), pp. 806
–811
.10.1038/s41565-018-0172-523.
Vongsoasup
,
N.
, and
Hanamura
,
K.
, 2018
, “
Effects of Near-Field Radiation and Hyperbolic Modes on a TPV System
,” Therm. Sci. Eng.
,
26
(1
), pp. 29
–38
.10.11368/tse.26.2924.
Zhu
,
L.
,
Fiorino
,
A.
,
Thompson
,
D.
,
Mittapally
,
R.
,
Meyhofer
,
E.
, and
Reddy
,
P.
, 2019
, “
Near-Field Photonic Cooling Through Control of the Chemical Potential of Photons
,” Nature
,
566
(7743
), pp. 239
–244
.10.1038/s41586-019-0918-825.
Inoue
,
T.
,
Koyama
,
T.
,
Kang
,
D. D.
,
Ikeda
,
K.
,
Asano
,
T.
, and
Noda
,
S.
, 2019
, “
One-Chip Near-Field Thermophotovoltaic Device Integrating a Thin-Film Thermal Emitter and Photovoltaic Cell
,” Nano Lett.
,
19
(6
), pp. 3948
–3952
.10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b0123426.
St-Gelais
,
R.
,
Bhatt
,
G. R.
,
Zhu
,
L.
,
Fan
,
S.
, and
Lipson
,
M.
, 2017
, “
Hot Carrier-Based Near-Field Thermophotovoltaic Energy Conversion
,” ACS Nano
,
11
(3
), pp. 3001
–3009
.10.1021/acsnano.6b0859727.
Rana
,
F.
, 2011
, “
Graphene Optoelectronics: Plasmons Get Tuned Up
,” Nat. Nanotech.
,
6
(10
), pp. 611
–612
.10.1038/nnano.2011.17028.
Di Bartolomeo
,
A.
, 2016
, “
Graphene Schottky Diodes: An Experimental Review of the Rectifying Graphene/Semiconductor Heterojunction
,” Phys. Rep.
,
606
, pp. 1
–58
.10.1016/j.physrep.2015.10.00329.
Xu
,
J.
,
Hu
,
J.
,
Wang
,
R.
,
Li
,
Q.
,
Li
,
W.
,
Guo
,
Y.
,
Liu
,
F.
,
Ullah
,
Z.
,
Wen
,
L.
, and
Liu
,
L.
, 2017
, “
Ultra-Broadband Graphene-InSb Heterojunction Photodetector
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
,
111
(5
), p. 051106
.10.1063/1.499732730.
Yang
,
J.
,
Du
,
W.
,
Su
,
Y.
,
Fu
,
Y.
,
Gong
,
S.
,
He
,
S.
, and
Ma
,
Y.
, 2018
, “
Observing of the Super-Planckian Near-Field Thermal Radiation Between Graphene Sheets
,” Nat. Commun.
,
9
(1
), p. 4033
.10.1038/s41467-018-06163-831.
Card
,
H. C.
, and
Rhoderick
,
E. H.
, 1971
, “
Studies of Tunnel MOS Diodes I. Interface Effects in Silicon Schottky Diodes
,” J. Phys. D
,
4
(10
), pp. 1589
–1601
.10.1088/0022-3727/4/10/31932.
Sze
,
S. M.
, and
Ng
,
K. K.
, 2006
, Physics of Semiconductor Devices
, 3rd ed.,
Wiley
,
Chichester, UK
.33.
Miyata
,
K.
,
Dreifus
,
D.
, and
Kobashi
,
K.
, 1992
, “
Metal-Intrinsic Semiconductor-Semiconductor Structures Using Polycrystalline Diamond Films
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
,
60
(4
), pp. 480
–482
.10.1063/1.10664234.
González-Cuevas
,
J. A.
,
Refaat
,
T. F.
,
Abedin
,
M. N.
, and
Elsayed-Ali
,
H. E.
, 2006
, “
Modeling of the Temperature-Dependent Spectral Response of In1-x Gax Sb Infrared Photodetectors
,” Opt. Eng.
,
45
(4
), p. 044001
.10.1117/1.219277235.
Shi
,
Y.
,
Kim
,
K. K.
,
Reina
,
A.
,
Hofmann
,
M.
,
Li
,
L.-J.
, and
Kong
,
J.
, 2010
, “
Work Function Engineering of Graphene Electrode Via Chemical Doping
,” ACS Nano
,
4
(5
), pp. 2689
–2694
.10.1021/nn100547836.
Wurfel
,
P.
, 1982
, “
The Chemical Potential of Radiation
,” J. Phys. C
,
15
(18
), pp. 3967
–3985
.10.1088/0022-3719/15/18/01237.
Scales
,
C.
, and
Berini
,
P.
, 2010
, “
Thin-Film Schottky Barrier Photodetector Models
,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.
,
46
(5
), pp. 633
–643
.10.1109/JQE.2010.204672038.
Polder
,
D.
, and
Van Hove
,
M.
, 1971
, “
Theory of Radiative Heat Transfer Between Closely Spaced Bodies
,” Phys. Rev. B
,
4
(10
), pp. 3303
–3314
.10.1103/PhysRevB.4.330339.
Rytov
,
S. M.
,
Kratsov
,
Y. A.
, and
Tatarskii
,
V. I.
, 1989
, Principles of Statistical Radiophysics
,
Springer
, Berlin.40.
Francoeur
,
M.
,
Mengüç
,
M. P.
, and
Vaillon
,
R.
, 2009
, “
Solution of Near-Field Thermal Radiation in One-Dimensional Layered Media Using Dyadic Green's Functions and the Scattering Matrix Method
,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer
,
110
(18
), pp. 2002
–2018
.10.1016/j.jqsrt.2009.05.01041.
Rakić
,
A. D.
,
Djurišić
,
A. B.
,
Elazar
,
J. M.
, and
Majewski
,
M. L.
, 1998
, “
Optical Properties of Metallic Films for Vertical-Cavity Optoelectronic Devices
,” Appl. Opt.
,
37
(22
), pp. 5271
–5283
.10.1364/AO.37.00527142.
Basu
,
S.
,
Lee
,
B. J.
, and
Zhang
,
Z. M.
, 2009
, “
Infrared Radiative Properties of Heavily Doped Silicon at Room Temperature
,” ASME J. Heat Transfer
,
132
(2
), p. 023301
.10.1115/1.400017143.
Palik
,
E. D.
, 1985
, Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids
, Vol.
1
,
Academic Press
,
Cambridge
, San Diego, CA.44.
Jablan
,
M.
,
Buljan
,
H.
, and
Soljačić
,
M.
, 2009
, “
Plasmonics in Graphene at Infrared Frequencies
,” Phys. Rev. B
,
80
(24
), p. 245435
.10.1103/PhysRevB.80.24543545.
Lim
,
M.
,
Lee
,
S. S.
, and
Lee
,
B. J.
, 2013
, “
Near-Field Thermal Radiation Between Graphene-Covered Doped Silicon Plates
,” Opt. Express
,
21
(19
), pp. 22173
–22185
.10.1364/OE.21.02217346.
Guo
,
B.
,
Fang
,
L.
,
Zhang
,
B.
, and
Gong
,
J. R.
, 2011
, “
Graphene Doping: A Review
,” Insciences J.
,
1
(2
), pp. 80
–89
.10.5640/insc.01028047.
Wang
,
X.
,
Li
,
X.
,
Zhang
,
L.
,
Yoon
,
Y.
,
Weber
,
P. K.
,
Wang
,
H.
,
Guo
,
J.
, and
Dai
,
H.
, 2009
, “
N-Doping of Graphene Through Electrothermal Reactions With Ammonia
,” Science
,
324
(5928
), pp. 768
–771
.10.1126/science.117033548.
Coletti
,
C.
,
Riedl
,
C.
,
Lee
,
D. S.
,
Krauss
,
B.
,
Patthey
,
L.
,
von Klitzing
,
K.
,
Smet
,
J. H.
, and
Starke
,
U.
, 2010
, “
Charge Neutrality and Band-Gap Tuning of Epitaxial Graphene on SiC by Molecular Doping
,” Phys. Rev. B
,
81
(23
), p. 235401
.10.1103/PhysRevB.81.23540149.
Thomas
,
N. H.
,
Sherrott
,
M. C.
,
Broulliet
,
J.
,
Atwater
,
H. A.
, and
Minnich
,
A. J.
, 2019
, “
Electronic Modulation of Near-Field Radiative Transfer in Graphene Field Effect Heterostructures
,” Nano Lett.
,
19
(6
), pp. 3898
–3904
.10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b0108650.
Donoval
,
D.
,
Barus
,
M.
, and
Zdimal
,
M.
, 1991
, “
Analysis of I–V Measurements on PtSi-Si Schottky Structures in a Wide Temperature Range
,” Solid-State Electron.
,
34
(12
), pp. 1365
–1373
.10.1016/0038-1101(91)90031-S51.
Levinshtein
,
M.
,
Rumyantsev
,
M.
, and
Shur
,
M.
, 1996
, Handbook Series on Semiconductor Parameters
(Si, Ge, C (Diamond), GaAs, GaP, GaSb, InAs, InP, InSb), Vol.
1
,
World Scientific
, Singapore.52.
Liang
,
S.-J.
, and
Ang
,
L.
, 2015
, “
Electron Thermionic Emission From Graphene and a Thermionic Energy Converter
,” Phys. Rev. Appl.
,
3
(1
), p. 014002
.10.1103/PhysRevApplied.3.01400253.
Harrison
,
J.
, and
Hauser
,
J.
, 1976
, “
Theoretical Calculations of Electron Mobility in Ternary III-V Compounds
,” J. Appl. Phys.
,
47
(1
), pp. 292
–300
.10.1063/1.32231554.
Huang
,
M.
,
Chang
,
Y.
,
Chang
,
C.
,
Lin
,
T.
,
Kwo
,
J.
,
Wu
,
T.
, and
Hong
,
M.
, 2006
, “
Energy-Band Parameters of Atomic-Layer-Deposition Al2O3/InGaAs Heterostructure
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
,
89
(1
), p. 012903
.10.1063/1.221882655.
Kaufmann
,
I.
,
Pick
,
A.
,
Pereira
,
M.
, and
Boudinov
,
H.
, 2017
, “
Metal-Insulator-SiC Schottky Structures Using HfO2 and TiO2 Dielectrics
,” Thin Solid Films
,
621
, pp. 184
–187
.10.1016/j.tsf.2016.11.05356.
Hwang
,
C.
,
Siegel
,
D. A.
,
Mo
,
S.-K.
,
Regan
,
W.
,
Ismach
,
A.
,
Zhang
,
Y.
,
Zettl
,
A.
, and
Lanzara
,
A.
, 2012
, “
Fermi Velocity Engineering in Graphene by Substrate Modification
,” Sci. Rep.
,
2
, p. 590
.10.1038/srep0059057.
Muller
,
R. S.
,
Kamins
,
T. I.
,
Chan
,
M.
, and
Ko
,
P. K.
, 1986
, “
Device Electronics for Integrated Circuits
,” John Wiley & Sons, New York.58.
Liu
,
X.
, and
Zhang
,
Z.
, 2014
, “
Graphene-Assisted Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer Between Corrugated Polar Materials
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
,
104
(25
), p. 251911
.10.1063/1.488539659.
Zhao
,
B.
, and
Zhang
,
Z.
, 2017
, “
Enhanced Photon Tunneling by Surface Plasmon–Phonon Polaritons in Graphene/hBN Heterostructures
,” ASME J. Heat Transfer
,
139
(2
), p. 022701
.10.1115/1.403479360.
Pulfrey
,
D. L.
, 1978
, “
MIS Solar Cells: A Review
,” IEEE Trans.
,
25
(11
), pp. 1308
–1317
.10.1109/T-ED.1978.1927161.
Godfrey
,
R. B.
, and
Green
,
M. A.
, 1978
, “
A 15% Efficient Silicon MIS Solar Cell
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
,
33
(7
), pp. 637
–639
.10.1063/1.90446Copyright © 2020 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
