... performances enhanced by some conducting strips aligned with the mean flow direction on the insulating wall for free surface MHD flow are simulated numerically in this paper. The flow behaviors, heat transfer coefficients, friction factors, and pressure drops are presented under different Hartmann numbers...

... or released in the mushy zone, which is handled through the use of enthalpy defined in Eq. 9 . Precise tracking of the free surface of the droplet and the welding pool are essential to correctly predicting the shape of the droplet and the weld pool as a function of time. The algorithm of volume...

... to the preceding model, fully transient heat and fluid flow is computed with a free surface of the rising bubble and a periodic calculation of repeated cycles of bubble growth, detachment, and rise, requiring only specification of the waiting time between successive bubbles. Additionally, microscopic effects...

... to handle solid phase, liquid phase, and mushy zone during melting and solidification processes. The volume-of-fluid method was employed to handle free surfaces. The enthalpy method was used for latent heat. Laser absorptions (Inverse Bremsstrahlung and Fresnel absorption) and thermal radiation...

... free surface may cause an apparent discrepancy in the melt pool geometry prediction with the real situation. The melt pool deformation mainly results from three interfacial forces and their magnitudes rely on the surface temperature and geometry. At the melt pool center, recoil vapor pressure usually...