... usable by the desalination plant. To fully capture the thermodynamic and economic cost of energy, and to fairly compare desalination systems that use different grades of input energy, we must compare energy consumption not at the point where energy enters the desalination plant itself, but as PE...

.... Manuscript received March 18, 2014; final manuscript received April 9, 2014; published online March 17, 2015. Assoc. Editor: Giulio Lorenzini. 18 03 2014 09 04 2014 17 03 2015 constructal law thermodynamics evolution design in nature optimization technology Words have...

... of thermodynamics, but my intentions. Entransy (Eq. (4) ) has nothing to do with the concept of variation, which Biot calls θ , a departure from the actual T distribution. Unlike in Biot, there is no “heat conduction” in the formulation of Ref. [ 1 ]. In entransy, the body is isothermal, at one...

... to describe the nature of nonequilibrium heat conduction. A diamond film is used as a numerical example to illustrate the distribution of entropy generation at the walls and inside the film at low temperatures. A fundamental knowledge of the entropy generation processes provides a thermodynamic understanding...

...William G. Gray; Cass T. Miller The recently developed thermodynamically constrained averaging theory is briefly summarized as a tool for the building of rigorous macroscale models of transport phenomena in complex systems. The specific case of thermal transport in a single-fluid-phase porous...

...D. A. Nield 04 04 2008 20 05 2008 04 12 2008 boundary-value problems forced convection natural convection porous materials thermodynamics I thank Dr. Costa for his discussion on my paper ( 1 ), and I welcome the opportunity to clarify this matter. Costa...

... in this paper allows the surfactant concentration at the surface and in the bulk to depart from its thermodynamical equilibrium. The Langmuir equilibrium adsorption ratio was based on the k seg coefficient of Sahoo et al. (1988, “Surface-Tension of Binary Metal—Surface-Active Solute Systems Under Conditions...

... d t V The density being a thermodynamic property of the liquid is a function of pressure and temperature: 4 ρ = ρ ( p , T ) By differentiating withrespect to temperature and pressure, Eq. 4 leads to 5 d ρ = ( ∂ ρ ∂ p ) T d p + ( ∂ ρ ∂ T...

... during compression and expansion to obtain the correlation. These measurements were performed using a piston-cylinder assembly over a range of volume ratios, frequencies, mean pressures, gases, and internal extended surface areas. The heat transfer was estimated thermodynamically from experimental...

... University, Houston, TX. 05 04 2005 26 08 2006 30 01 2008 heat exchangers perturbation techniques heat conduction disperse systems finite difference methods thermodynamics hydrodynamics axial dispersion finite difference longitudinal conduction three-fluid heat...

... rely on developing high quality materials realized at an appropriate, application-dependent scale. thin films nanowires thermoelectric conversion cooling thermodynamics thermal conductivity thermoelectricity Limited published data exist in which both Z T and minimum cooler cold...

...X. L. Ruan; M. Kaviany We review the progress on laser cooling of solids. Laser cooling of ion-doped solids and semiconductors is based on the anti-Stokes fluorescence, where the emitted photons have a mean energy higher than that of the absorbed photons. The thermodynamic analysis shows...

...V. P. Carey; A. P. Wemhoff The concept of disjoining pressure, developed from thermodynamic and hydrodynamic analysis, has been widely used as a means of modeling the liquid-solid molecular force interactions in an ultra-thin liquid film on a solid surface. In particular, this approach has been...

... of the reciprocity rule of exchange factors, and consequently the second law of thermodynamics. Heuristically adjusting a set of exchange factors to satisfy reciprocity usually results in a violation of the summation rule of exchange factors and the first law of thermodynamics. This paper presents a method...

... exchanger flow arrangements, and some key multipass plate heat exchanger flow arrangements. The results presented then should cover the trends for many other flow arrangements that are also not covered in the analysis of this paper. From the thermodynamics point of view, the temperature cross and fluid...

...Joseph M. Powers, Associate Professor, It is demonstrated by a concise standard derivation, motivated by principles of rational continuum mechanics and irreversible thermodynamics augmented by novel detailed examples, that for heat conduction in linearly anisotropic solids: (1) common restrictions...

...L. H. Chai; M. Shoji boiling heat transfer fractals renormalisation thermodynamics two-phase flow From 1970s, urban evolution was a typical dissipative example even. We can find it in many books on self-organization; especially the self-organization...

... April 2003 17 07 2003 thermodynamics air conditioning condensation evaporation optimisation geometry heat transfer thermal conductivity pulsatile flow aerodynamics cooling mass transfer Exergy Analysis Heat Transfer Heat Exchangers Optimization Regenerators...

... , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 124–126, Chap. 5 Bejan, A., 1997, Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics , John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 604–609, Chap. 11 Kakac¸, S., and Liu, H., 1998, Heat Exchangers: Selection, Rating, and Thermal Design , CRC Press, New York, pp. 59–61, Chap. 2...

...Dae Hoon Lee; Dae-Eun Park; Euisik Yoon; Sejin Kwon Combustion measurement in a cylindrical micro combustor, the construction procedure and test run of a MEMS reciprocating device are described. The sizing of the MEMS device was based on the findings of combustion measurements. Thermodynamic...