Abstract
Bone cutting with high performance material removal is critical for enhancing orthopedic surgery. Ultrasonically assisted cutting (UAC) is an advanced process with the potential to improve the material removal. However, strain and other intermediate variables in bone cutting are difficult to obtain because of the lack of suitable measurement methods, especially for high-frequency vibration-assisted cutting. In this study, digital image correlation (DIC) analysis was applied for the first time to investigate the full-field strain map and the mechanism of crack development during conventional cutting (CC) and ultrasonically assisted cutting of cortical bone. A novel method for calculating cutting and thrust forces under the mixed fracture mode of bone was also proposed. Extensive experimental results showed that the average strain and strain rate of cortical bone decreased after the application of UAC, but the maximum transient strain rate in UAC was greater than that in CC, and the crack-affected area and shear band width in UAC were smaller than those in CC. In addition, the strain parameters obtained by the DIC analysis were used to calculate the cutting and thrust forces in the hybrid fracture mode. The calculated values of forces matched well (over 90%) with the measured results, indicating the strong feasibility of DIC applications in orthogonal bone cutting research. This study has significant theoretical and practical value since it reveals the fracture mechanism of cortical bone in UAC, demonstrates a non-contact full-field measurement method for tissue strain calculation, and provides inspiration for optimizing the design of innovative orthopedic instruments.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
References
1.
Wang
, X. D.
, Masilamani
, N. S.
, Mabrey
, J. D.
, Alder
, M. E.
, and Agrawal
, C. M.
, 1998
, “Changes in the Fracture Toughness of Bone May Not Be Reflected in Its Mineral Density, Porosity, and Tensile Properties
,” Bone
, 23
(1
), pp. 67
–72
. 2.
Tahmasbi
, V.
, Qasemi
, M.
, Ghasemi
, R.
, and Gholami
, R.
, 2022
, “Experimental Study and Sensitivity Analysis of Force Behavior in Cortical Bone Milling
,” Med. Eng. Phys.
, 105
(7
), p. 103821
. 3.
Bai
, L.
, Yang
, J.
, Chen
, X.
, Sun
, Y.
, and Li
, X.
, 2019
, “Medical Robotics in Bone Fracture Reduction Surgery: A Review
,” Sensors
, 19
(16
), p. 3593
. 4.
Abdel-Wahab
, A. A.
, Maligno
, A. R.
, and Silberschmidt
, V. V.
, 2012
, “Micro-Scale Modelling of Bovine Cortical Bone Fracture: Analysis of Crack Propagation and Microstructure Using X-FEM
,” Comput. Mater. Sci.
, 52
(1
), pp. 128
–135
. 5.
Zhang
, Y.
, Robles-Linares
, J. A.
, Chen
, L.
, Liao
, Z.
, Shih
, A. J.
, and Wang
, C.
, 2022
, “Advances in Machining of Hard Tissues–From Material Removal Mechanisms to Tooling Solutions
,” Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf.
, 172
(1
), p. 103838
. 6.
Jacobs
, C. H.
, Pope
, M. H.
, Berry
, J. T.
, and Hoaglund
, F.
, 1974
, “A Study of the Bone Machining Process—Orthogonal Cutting
,” J. Biomech.
, 7
(2
), pp. 131
–136
. 7.
Wiggins
, K.
, and Malkin
, S.
, 1978
, “Orthogonal Machining of Bone
,” J. Biomech.
, 100
(3
), pp. 122
–130
.8.
Sugita
, N.
, and Mitsuishi
, M.
, 2009
, “Specifications for Machining the Bovine Cortical Bone in Relation to Its Microstructure
,” J. Biomech.
, 42
(16
), pp. 2826
–2829
. 9.
Liao
, Z.
, and Axinte
, D. A.
, 2016
, “On Chip Formation Mechanism in Orthogonal Cutting of Bone
,” Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf.
, 102
(3
), pp. 41
–55
. 10.
Chen
, P.
, Sui
, J.
, and Wang
, C.
, 2020
, “Cutting Force Analysis of Bovine Acetabular Cartilage
,” Procedia CIRP
, 89
, pp. 189
–193
. 11.
Bai
, W.
, Shu
, L.
, Sun
, R.
, Xu
, J.
, Silberschmidt
, V. V.
, and Sugita
, N.
, 2020
, “Improvements of Material Removal in Cortical Bone via Impact Cutting Method
,” J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater.
, 108
(8
), p. 103791
. 12.
Luo
, Y.
, Ren
, Y.
, Shu
, Y.
, Mao
, C.
, Zhou
, Z.
, and Bi
, Z.
, 2022
, “Cutting Behavior of Cortical Bone in Different Bone Osteon Cutting Angles and Depths of Cut
,” Chin. J. Mech. Eng.
, 35
(7
), pp. 1
–12
. 13.
Sugita
, N.
, Ishii
, K.
, Sui
, J.
, and Terashima
, M.
, 2014
, “Multi-Grooved Cutting Tool to Reduce Cutting Force and Temperature During Bone Machining
,” CIRP Ann.
, 63
(1
), pp. 101
–104
. 14.
Liao
, Z.
, Axinte
, D. A.
, and Gao
, D.
, 2017
, “A Novel Cutting Tool Design to Avoid Surface Damage in Bone Machining
,” Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf.
, 116
(5
), pp. 52
–59
. 15.
Giovannini
, M.
, Ren
, H.
, Cao
, J.
, and Ehmann
, K.
, 2018
, “Study on Design and Cutting Parameters of Rotating Needles for Core Biopsy
,” J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater.
, 86
(10
), pp. 43
–54
. 16.
Sui
, J.
, Wang
, C.
, and Sugita
, N.
, 2020
, “Experimental Study of Temperature Rise During Bone Drilling Process
,” Med. Eng. Phys.
, 78
(4
), pp. 64
–73
. 17.
Zhang
, Y.
, Xu
, L.
, Wang
, C.
, Chen
, Z.
, Han
, S.
, Chen
, B.
, and Chen
, J.
, 2019
, “Mechanical and Thermal Damage in Cortical Bone Drilling In Vivo
,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part H J. Eng. Med.
, 233
(6
), pp. 621
–635
. 18.
Shih
, A. J.
, Tai
, B. L.
, and Li
, R.
, 2019
, Metal and Bone Drilling-The Thermal Aspects
, Springer
, New York
. 19.
Singh
, R. P.
, Pandey
, P. M.
, and Mridha
, A. R.
, 2020
, “An In-Vitro Study of Temperature Rise During Rotary Ultrasonic Bone Drilling of Human Bone
,” Med. Eng. Phys.
, 79
(5
), pp. 33
–43
. 20.
Banerjee
, S.
, Pantawane
, M. V.
, and Dahotre
, N. B.
, 2021
, “Laser Fabrication of Structural Bone: Surface Morphology and Biomineralization Assessment
,” Lasers Med. Sci.
, 36
(1
), pp. 131
–137
. 21.
Hloch
, S.
, Kľoc
, J.
, Hreha
, P.
, Magurová
, D.
, Kozak
, D.
, and Knapčíková
, L.
, 2013
, “Water Jet Technology Using in Orthopaedic Surgery
,” 4th International Scientific and Expert Conference TEAM 2012
, Slavonski Brod, Croatia
.22.
Kumar
, V.
, Neradi
, D.
, Salaria
, A. K.
, Dagar
, A.
, Singh Dhatt
, S.
, and Jindal
, K.
, 2020
, “Role of Ultrasonic Bone Scalpel in Spine Surgery: A Review Article
,” SN Compr. Clin. Med.
, 2
(10
), pp. 1883
–1889
. 23.
Cardoni
, A.
, MacBeath
, A.
, and Lucas
, M.
, 2006
, “Methods for Reducing Cutting Temperature in Ultrasonic Cutting of Bone
,” Ultrasonics
, 44
(12
), pp. e37
–e42
. 24.
Alam
, K.
, Khan
, M.
, and Silberschmidt
, V. V.
, 2013
, “Analysis of Forces in Conventional and Ultrasonically Assisted Plane Cutting of Cortical Bone
,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part H J. Eng. Med.
, 227
(6
), pp. 636
–642
. 25.
Ying
, Z.
, Shu
, L.
, and Sugita
, N.
, 2020
, “Experimental and Finite Element Analysis of Force and Temperature in Ultrasonic Vibration Assisted Bone Cutting
,” Ann. Biomed. Eng.
, 48
(4
), pp. 1281
–1290
. 26.
Sugita
, N.
, Shu
, L.
, Shimada
, T.
, Oshima
, M.
, Kizaki
, T.
, and Mitsuishi
, M.
, 2017
, “Novel Surgical Machining via an Impact Cutting Method Based on Fracture Analysis With a Discontinuum Bone Model
,” CIRP Ann.
, 66
(1
), pp. 65
–68
. 27.
Shu
, L.
, and Sugita
, N.
, 2020
, “Analysis of Fracture, Force, and Temperature in Orthogonal Elliptical Vibration-Assisted Bone Cutting
,” J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater.
, 103
(3
), p. 103599
. 28.
Peters
, W.
, and Ranson
, W.
, 1982
, “Digital Imaging Techniques in Experimental Stress Analysis
,” Opt. Eng.
, 21
(3
), pp. 427
–431
.29.
Chu
, T. C.
, Ranson
, W. F.
, and Sutton
, M. A.
, 1985
, “Applications of Digital-Image-Correlation Techniques to Experimental Mechanics
,” Exp. Mech.
, 25
(3
), pp. 232
–244
. 30.
Bruck
, H. A.
, McNeill
, S. R.
, Sutton
, M. A.
, and Peters
, W. H.
, 1989
, “Digital Image Correlation Using Newton-Raphson Method of Partial Differential Correction
,” Exp. Mech.
, 29
(3
), pp. 261
–267
. 31.
Pan
, B.
, Li
, K.
, and Tong
, W.
, 2013
, “Fast, Robust and Accurate Digital Image Correlation Calculation Without Redundant Computations
,” Exp. Mech.
, 53
(7
), pp. 1277
–1289
. 32.
Outeiro
, J. C.
, Campocasso
, S.
, Denguir
, L. A.
, Fromentin
, G.
, Vignal
, V.
, and Poulachon
, G.
, 2015
, “Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Subsurface Plastic Deformation Induced by OFHC Copper Machining
,” CIRP Ann.
, 64
(1
), pp. 53
–56
. 33.
Baizeau
, T.
, Campocasso
, S.
, Fromentin
, G.
, Rossi
, F.
, and Poulachon
, G.
, 2015
, “Effect of Rake Angle on Strain Field During Orthogonal Cutting of Hardened Steel With c-BN Tools
,” Procedia CIRP
, 31
, pp. 166
–171
. 34.
Baizeau
, T.
, Campocasso
, S.
, Rossi
, F.
, Poulachon
, G.
, and Hild
, F.
, 2016
, “Cutting Force Sensor Based on Digital Image Correlation for Segmented Chip Formation Analysis
,” J. Mater. Process. Technol.
, 238
(12
), pp. 466
–473
. 35.
Harzallah
, M.
, Pottier
, T.
, Gilblas
, R.
, Landon
, Y.
, Mousseigne
, M.
, and Senatore
, J.
, 2018
, “A Coupled In-Situ Measurement of Temperature and Kinematic Fields in Ti-6Al-4V Serrated Chip Formation at Micro-Scale
,” Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf.
, 130–131
(8
), pp. 20
–35
. 36.
Davis
, B.
, Dabrow
, D.
, Ifju
, P.
, Xiao
, G.
, Liang
, S. Y.
, and Huang
, Y.
, 2018
, “Study of the Shear Strain and Shear Strain Rate Progression During Titanium Machining
,” ASME J. Manuf. Sci. Eng.
, 140
(5
), p. 051007
. 37.
Bergs
, T.
, Abouridouane
, M.
, Meurer
, M.
, and Peng
, B.
, 2021
, “Digital Image Correlation Analysis and Modelling of the Strain Rate in Metal Cutting
,” CIRP Ann.
, 70
(1
), pp. 45
–48
. 38.
Miao
, S.
, Pan
, P.-Z.
, Zhao
, S.
, Han
, J.
, and Konicek
, P.
, 2021
, “A New DIC-Based Method to Identify the Crack Mechanism and Applications in Fracture Analysis of Red Sandstone Containing a Single Flaw
,” Rock Mech. Rock Eng.
, 54
(8
), pp. 3847
–3871
. 39.
Rauch
, F.
, Travers
, R.
, and Glorieux
, F. H.
, 2007
, “Intracortical Remodeling During Human Bone Development—A Histomorphometric Study
,” Bone
, 40
(2
), pp. 274
–280
. 40.
Taylor
, D.
, Hazenberg
, J. G.
, and Lee
, T. C.
, 2007
, “Living With Cracks: Damage and Repair in Human Bone
,” Nat. Mater.
, 6
(4
), pp. 263
–268
. 41.
Marco
, M.
, Rodríguez-Millán
, M.
, Santiuste
, C.
, Giner
, E.
, and Miguélez
, M. H.
, 2015
, “A Review on Recent Advances in Numerical Modelling of Bone Cutting
,” J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater.
, 44
(4
), pp. 179
–201
. 42.
Levengood
, S. K. L.
, and Zhang
, M.
, 2014
, “Chitosan-Based Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering
,” J. Mater. Chem. B
, 2
(21
), pp. 3161
–3184
. 43.
Idkaidek
, A.
, Koric
, S.
, and Jasiuk
, I.
, 2018
, “Fracture Analysis of Multi-Osteon Cortical Bone Using XFEM
,” Comput. Mech.
, 62
(2
), pp. 171
–184
. 44.
Reilly
, D. T.
, and Burstein
, A. H.
, 1974
, “The Mechanical Properties of Cortical Bone
,” JBJS
, 56
(5
), pp. 1001
–1022
. 45.
Pan
, B.
, Qian
, K.
, Xie
, H.
, and Asundi
, A.
, 2009
, “Two-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation for In-Plane Displacement and Strain Measurement: A Review
,” Meas. Sci. Technol.
, 20
(6
), p. 062001
.46.
Bai
, W.
, Shu
, L.
, Sun
, R.
, Xu
, J.
, Silberschmidt
, V. V.
, and Sugita
, N.
, 2020
, “Mechanism of Material Removal in Orthogonal Cutting of Cortical Bone
,” J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater.
, 104
(4
), p. 103618
. 47.
Dong
, X. N.
, Zhang
, X.
, and Guo
, X. E.
, 2005
, “Interfacial Strength of Cement Lines in Human Cortical Bone
,” Mol. Cell. Biomech.
, 2
(2
), pp. 63
–65
.48.
Wang
, Q.
, Shankar
, R. M.
, Liu
, Z.
, and Cheng
, Y.
, 2022
, “Crystallographic Texture Evolutions of Ti-6Al-4V Chip Foils in Relation to Strain Path and High Strain Rate Arising From Large Strain Extrusion Machining Process
,” J. Mater. Process. Technol.
, 305
(7
), p. 117588
. 49.
Peterlik
, H.
, Roschger
, P.
, Klaushofer
, K.
, and Fratzl
, P.
, 2006
, “From Brittle to Ductile Fracture of Bone
,” Nat. Mater.
, 5
(1
), pp. 52
–55
. 50.
Zimmermann
, E. A.
, Launey
, M. E.
, and Ritchie
, R. O.
, 2010
, “The Significance of Crack-Resistance Curves to the Mixed-Mode Fracture Toughness of Human Cortical Bone
,” Biomaterials
, 31
(20
), pp. 5297
–5305
. 51.
O’Brien
, F. J.
, Brennan
, O.
, Kennedy
, O. D.
, and Lee
, T. C.
, 2005
, “Microcracks in Cortical Bone: How Do They Affect Bone Biology?
,” Curr. Osteoporos. Rep.
, 3
(2
), pp. 39
–45
. 52.
Ernst
, H.
, and Merchant
, M. E.
, 1941
, Surface Treatment of Metals American Society for Metals
, Vol. 29
, pp. 299
–378
.53.
Moufki
, A.
, Molinari
, A.
, and Dudzinski
, D.
, 1998
, “Modelling of Orthogonal Cutting With a Temperature Dependent Friction Law
,” J. Mech. Phys. Solids
, 46
(10
), pp. 2103
–2138
. 54.
Zimmermann
, E. A.
, Schaible
, E.
, Bale
, H.
, Barth
, H. D.
, Tang
, S. Y.
, Reichert
, P.
, Busse
, B.
, Alliston
, T.
, Ager
, J. W.
, III, and Ritchie
, R. O.
, 2011
, “Age-Related Changes in the Plasticity and Toughness of Human Cortical Bone at Multiple Length Scales
,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
, 108
(35
), pp. 14416
–14421
. 55.
Remache
, D.
, Semaan
, M.
, Rossi
, J.-M.
, Pithioux
, M.
, and Milan
, J.-L.
, 2020
, “Application of the Johnson-Cook Plasticity Model in the Finite Element Simulations of the Nanoindentation of the Cortical Bone
,” J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater.
, 101
(1
), p. 103426
. 56.
Johnson
, G. R.
, and Cook
, W.H.
, 1983
, “A Constitutive Model and Data for Materials Subjected to Large Strains, High Strain Rates, and High Temperatures
,” Eng. Frac. Mech.
, 21
, pp. 541
–548
.57.
Novitskaya
, E.
, Chen
, P.-Y.
, Lee
, S.
, Castro-Ceseña
, A.
, Hirata
, G.
, Lubarda
, V. A.
, and McKittrick
, J.
, 2011
, “Anisotropy in the Compressive Mechanical Properties of Bovine Cortical Bone and the Mineral and Protein Constituents
,” Acta Biomater.
, 7
(8
), pp. 3170
–3177
. 58.
Manilay
, Z.
, Novitskaya
, E.
, Sadovnikov
, E.
, and McKittrick
, J.
, 2013
, “A Comparative Study of Young and Mature Bovine Cortical Bone
,” Acta Biomater.
, 9
(2
), pp. 5280
–5288
. 59.
Mann
, K. A.
, Allen
, M. J.
, and Ayers
, D. C.
, 1998
, “Pre-Yield and Post-Yield Shear Behavior of the Cement-Bone Interface
,” J. Orthop. Res.
, 16
(3
), pp. 370
–378
. 60.
Alam
, K.
, Mitrofanov
, A.
, and Silberschmidt
, V. V.
, 2009
, “Finite Element Analysis of Forces of Plane Cutting of Cortical Bone
,” Comput. Mater. Sci.
, 46
(3
), pp. 738
–743
. 61.
Khurshid
, A.
, Mitrofanov
, A.
, and Silberschmidt
, V.
, 2010
, “Thermal Analysis of Orthogonal Cutting of Cortical Bone Using Finite Element Simulations
,” Int. J. Exp. Comput. Biomech.
, 1
(3
), pp. 236
–251
. 62.
Ferreira
, F.
, Vaz
, M.
, and Simões
, J.
, 2006
, “Mechanical Properties of Bovine Cortical Bone at High Strain Rate
,” Mater. Charact.
, 57
(2
), pp. 71
–79
. 63.
Li
, S.
, Demirci
, E.
, and Silberschmidt
, V. V.
, 2013
, “Variability and Anisotropy of Mechanical Behavior of Cortical Bone in Tension and Compression
,” J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater.
, 21
, pp. 109
–120
. 64.
Bai
, W.
, Roy
, A.
, Guo
, L.
, Xu
, J.
, and Silberschmidt
, V. V.
, 2021
, “Analytical Prediction of Shear Angle and Frictional Behaviour in Vibration-Assisted Cutting
,” J. Manuf. Processes
, 62
, pp. 37
–46
. Copyright © 2023 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
