The feasibility of an ultrasonic technique using normal-incident compressional waves and a thermal wave measurement technique was evaluated for their sensitivity to surface and subsurface damage in ceramics. Well-defined damage in the form of surface and subsurface cracks was introduced by Vickers indentation in soda-lime glass and silicon nitride. The indentation impressions were first examined by optical microscopy to identify the types of cracks and to measure the size of the indents and cracks. As expected, indentation produced median/radial cracks emanating from the indent corners and subsurface lateral cracks. The ultrasonic technique was successful in detecting the subsurface lateral cracks in both materials. The signals obtained by focusing the transducer into the material (i.e., defocusing) was used to estimate the depth of subsurface cracks. The lateral cracks and the median/radial cracks were detected by the thermal wave measurement technique using the optical beam deflection method. The lateral cracks and the median/radial cracks were identified separately by using two deflection components of the probe beam. The transverse deflection component of the probe beam was used for the detection of the median/radial cracks, whereas the normal deflection component was used for the detection of the lateral cracks. The results are discussed in terms of the applicability of these two techniques as nondestructive methods for the detection of machining-induced damage in ceramics.

1.
Ahn
V. S.
, and
Achenbach
J. D.
,
1991
, “
Response of Line Focus Acoustic Microscope to Specimen Containing a Subsurface Crack
,”
Ultrasonics
, Vol.
29
, pp.
482
489
.
2.
Allor, R. L., Whalen, T. J., Baer, J. R., and Kumar, K. V., 1993, “Machining of Silicon Nitride: Experimental Determination of Process/Property Relationships,” Machining of Advanced Materials, S. Jahanmir, (ed.), NIST Special Publication 847, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. 223–235.
3.
Blessing, G. V., and Eitzen, D. G., 1989, “Ultrasonic Sensor for Measuring Surface Roughness,” Proceedings of Surface Measurements and Characterization, J. M. Bennett, (ed.) SPIE, Vol. 1009, pp. 281–289.
4.
Boccara
A. C.
,
Fournier
D.
, and
Badoz
J.
,
1980
, “
Thermo-optical Spectroscopy: Detection by the ’Mirage Effect’
,”
Appl. Phys. Lett.
, Vol.
36
, pp.
130
132
.
5.
Chandhri
M. M.
, and
Phillips
M. A.
,
1990
, “
Quasi-state Indentation Cracking of Thermally Tempered Soda-lime Glass with Spherical and Vickers Indenters
,”
Philosophical Magazine
, Vol.
62
, pp.
1
27
.
6.
Chen
C.
,
Sakai
S.
, and
Inasaki
I.
,
1991
, “
Lapping of Advanced Ceramics
,”
Materials & Manufacturing Processes
, Vol.
6
, pp.
211
226
.
7.
Cook
R. F.
, and
Pharr
G. M.
,
1990
, “
Direct Observation and Analysis of Indentation Cracking in Glasses and Ceramics
,”
J. Am. Ceram. Soc.
, Vol.
73
, pp.
787
817
.
8.
Edwards
G. R.
,
1989
, “
Non-Destructive Testing of Engineering Ceramics
,”
British Ceram. Trans. J.
, Vol.
88
, pp.
117
123
.
9.
Evans, A. G., and Marshall, D. B., 1981, “Wear Mechanisms in Ceramics,” Fundamentals of Friction and Wear of Materials, D. A. Rigney, (ed.), American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, pp. 439–452.
10.
Friedman, W. D., Bhagat, A. R., Srinivasan, M., and Wilson, J., 1988, “An Assessment of Various Methods Which Detect Critical Surface Flaws in Sintered Sic,” Review of Progress of Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, D. O. Thompson and D. E. Chimenti (eds.), Vol. 5B, pp. 1509–1518.
11.
Grice
K. R.
,
Inglehart
L. J.
,
Favro
L.
,
Kuo
P. K.
, and
Thomas
R. L.
,
1983
, “
Thermal Wave Imaging of Closed Cracks in Opaque Solids
,”
J. Appl. Phys.
, Vol.
54
, pp.
6245
6255
.
12.
Inglehart, L. J., 1984, “Optical Beam Deflection Detection of Thermal Waves in Opaque Solids,” Ph. D. dissertation, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.
13.
Inglehart
L. J.
,
1990
, “
Photothermal Characterization of Creep Damage in SiC-SiO2
,”
J. Appl. Phys.
, Vol.
68
, pp.
2992
2996
.
14.
Jahanmir, S., 1993, Machining of Advanced Materials, Proceedings of the International Conference on Machining of Advanced Materials, Gaithersburg, MD, July 20–22, 1993, NIST Special Publication 847, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
15.
Hagan
J. T.
, and
Swain
M. V.
,
1978
, “
The Origin of Median and Lateral Cracks Around Plastic Indents in Brittle Materials
,”
J. Appl. Phys.
, Vol.
11
, pp.
2091
2102
.
16.
Koepke, B. G., and Stokes, R. J., 1977, “Grinding Damage in Ceramics,” Society of Manufacturing Eng. Tech. Paper, EM77–358.
17.
Lawn, B. R., 1993, Fracture of Brittle Solids, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
18.
Lawn
B. R.
, and
Swain
M. V.
,
1975
, “
Microfracture Beneath Point Indentations in Brittle Solids
,”
J. Material Sci.
, Vol.
10
, pp.
113
122
.
19.
Lawrence
C. W.
,
Scruby
C. B.
,
Briggs
G. A. D.
, and
Dunhill
A.
,
1990
, “
Crack Detection in Silicon Nitride by Acoustic Microscopy
,”
NDT Int.
, Vol.
23
, pp.
3
8
.
20.
Marshall
D. B.
,
Evans
A. G.
,
Khuri Yakub
B. T.
,
Tien
J. W.
, and
Kino
G. S.
,
1983
, “
The Nature of Machining Damage in Brittle Materials
,”
Proc. Royal Soc. Land.
, Vol.
A 385
, pp.
461
475
.
21.
Mayer, J. E., Jr., and Fang, G. P., 1993, “Diamond Grinding of Silicon Nitride Ceramics,” Machining of Advanced Materials, S. Jahanmir, (ed.), NIST Special Publication 847, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. 205–222.
22.
Rantala
J.
,
Hartikainen
J.
, and
Jaarinen
J.
,
1990
, “
Photothermal Determination of Vertical Crack Lengths in Silicon Nitride
,”
Appl. Phys.
,
A50
, pp.
465
471
.
23.
Rice, R. W., 1993, “Effects of Ceramic Microstructural Character on Machining Direction-Strength Anisotropy,” Machining of Advanced Materials, S. Jahanmir, (ed.), NIST Special Publication 847, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. 185–204.
24.
Rocenswaig
A.
,
Opsal
J.
,
Smith
W. L.
, and
Willenburg
D. L.
,
1985
, “
Detection of Thermal Waves Through Optical Reflectance
,”
Appl. Phys. Lett.
, Vol.
46
, pp.
1013
1015
.
25.
Strakna, T. J., Jahanmir, S., Allor, R. L., and Kumar, K. V., 1995, “Effect of Grinding on Strength of Silicon Nitride,” Society of Manufacturing Engineers, SME Paper No. MR95–138.
26.
Wei, L., 1992, “Thermal Property Characterization of Single Crystal Diamond with Varying Isotopic Composition,” Ph. D. dissertation, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.
27.
Xu
H. H. K.
, and
Jahanmir
S.
,
1994
, “
Simple Technique for Observing Subsurface Damage in Machining of Ceramics
,”
J. Am. Ceram. Soc
, Vol.
77
, pp.
1388
1390
.
28.
Xu
H. H. K.
, and
Jahanmir
S.
,
1995
, “
Microfracture and Material Removal in Scratching of Alumina
,”
J. of Materials Sci.
, Vol.
30
, pp.
2235
2247
.
29.
Yamanaka
K.
, and
Enomoto
Y.
,
1982
, “
Observation of Surface Cracks with Scanning Acoustic Microscope
,”
J. Appl. Phys.
, Vol.
53
, pp.
846
850
.
30.
Yamanaka
K.
,
Enomoto
Y.
, and
Tsuya
Y.
,
1985
, “
Acoustic Microscopy of Ceramic Surfaces
,”
IEEE Trans. Sonics and Ultrasonics
, Vol.
SU-32
, pp.
313
319
.
31.
Yamanaka, K., Enomoto, Y., and Tsuya, Y., 1983, “Application of Scanning Acoustic Microscope to the Study of Fracture and Wear,” Acoustical Imaging, E. Ash and C. Hills, (eds.), Plenum, New York, NY, Vol. 12, pp. 79–87.
32.
Yamanaka, M., Haraguchi, S., and Y. Tsuya, 1987, “Evaluation of Machined Ceramic Surfaces by using Quantitative Acoustic Microscopy,” IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings, B. R. McAvoy, (ed.), Denver, CO, October 14–16, 1987, Vol. 1, pp. 591–595.
This content is only available via PDF.
You do not currently have access to this content.