Two-phase cross flow occurs in industrial heat exchangers such as condensers, boilers, and steam generators. Under certain flow regimes and fluid velocities, the fluid forces result in tube vibration and possibly tube damage due to fretting or fatigue. Prediction of these fluid forces requires an understanding of the flow regimes found in heat exchanger tube bundles. Measurements of void fraction within a tube array were taken as an initial step in determining the two-phase flow patterns. The tests were conducted in a Freon 134a test loop at about 1 MPa and 30°C. The measurements were compared against void fraction models commonly used in heat exchanger thermalhydraulic simulation codes and against available flow regime maps. Not surprisingly, the results indicate that a drift-flux model more accurately predicts the void fraction within a tube array. The measurements also confirm the existence of nonuniform void fraction radially around the tube. Based on these measurements and available literature, appropriate void fraction models for use in flow-induced vibration design guidelines are discussed.
Issue Section:
Technical Papers
1.
Pettigrew
, M. J.
, and Taylor
, C. E.
, 1994
, “Two Phase Flow-Induced Vibration: An Overview
,” ASME J. Pressure Vessel Technol.
, 116
, pp. 233
–253
.2.
Ulbrich
, R.
, and Mewes
, D.
, 1994
, “Vertical, Upward Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow Across a Tube Bundle
,” Int. J. Multiphase Flow
, 20
, pp. 249
–272
.3.
de Langre, E., and Villard, B., 1995, “A Spectrum of Two Phase Flow Random Forces in Tube Arrays,” Flow-Induced Vibration, Bearman, ed., Balkema, Rotterdam, Holland, pp. 107–117.
4.
Feenstra, P. A., Weaver, D. S., and Judd, R. L., 1996, “Stability Analysis of Parallel Triangular Tube Arrays Subjected to Two-Phase Cross Flow,” Proc., CSME Conference, McMaster University, May.
5.
Nakamura, T., Mureithi, N. W., Hirota, K., Watanabe, Y., Kusakabe, T., and Takamatsu, H., 1996, “Dynamics of an Inline Tube Array in Steam-Water Flow. Part 1: Damping and Added Mass,” ASME PVP-Vol. 328, Flow-Induced Vibration, pp. 103–110.
6.
Smith, S., 1968, “Void Fractions In Two Phase Flow: A Correlation Based Upon an Equal Velocity Head Model,” Proc., Institute of Mechanical Engineers, U.K.
7.
Zuber, N., and Findlay, J., 1965, “Average Volumetric Concentration in Two Phase Flow Systems,” ASME J. Heat Transfer, pp. 453–46.
8.
Lellouche, G., and Zollotar, B., 1982, “Mechanistic Model for Predicting Two Phase Void Fraction for Water in Vertical Tubes, Channels, and Rod Bundles,” Electric Power Research Institute Report NP-2246-SR.
9.
Schrage
, D.
, 1988
, “Two Phase Pressure Drop in Vertical Crossflow Across a Horizontal Tube Bundle
,” AIChE J.
, 34
, No. 1
, pp. 107
–115
.10.
Pettigrew
, M. J.
, Taylor
, C. E.
, Jong
, J. H.
, and Currie
, I. G.
, 1995
, “Vibration of a Tube Bundle in Two-Phase Freon Cross-Flow
,” ASME J. Pressure Vessel Technol.
, 117
, pp. 321
–329
.11.
Haquet, J. F., and Gouriand, J. M., 1995, “Local Two-Phase Flow Measurements in a Cross-Flow Steam-Generator Tube Bundle Geometry: the Minnie II XF Program,” Advances in Multiphase Flow 1995, Elsevier Science B.V.
12.
Lian
, H. Y.
, Noghrehkar
, G.
, Chan
, A. M. C.
, and Kawaji
, M.
, 1997
, “Effect of Void Fraction on Vibrational Behavior of Tubes in Tube Bundle Under Two-Phase Cross Flow
,” ASME J. Vib. Acous.
119
, pp. 457
–463
.13.
Mann, W., and Mayinger, F., 1995, “Flow Induced Vibration of Tube Bundles Subjected to Single- and Two-Phase Cross Flow,” Advances in Multiphase Flow 1995, Elsevier Science B.V.
14.
Collier, J., 1979, Convective Boiling and Condensation, Oxford Science Publications.
15.
Pettigrew
, M. J.
, Taylor
, C. E.
, and Kim
, B. S.
, 1989
, “Vibration of Tube Bundles in Two-Phase Cross-Flow: Part 1—Hydrodynamic Mass and Damping
,” ASME J. Pressure Vessel Technol.
, 111
, pp. 466
–477
.16.
Taylor
, C. E.
, Currie
, I. G.
, Pettigrew
, M. J.
, and Kim
, B. S.
, 1989
, “Vibration of Tube Bundles in Two-Phase Cross-Flow: Part 3—Turbulence-Induced Excitation
,” ASME J. Pressure Vessel Technol.
111
, pp. 488
–500
.17.
Taitel
, Y.
, Barnea
, D.
, and Dukler
, A.
, 1980
, “Modelling Flow Pattern Transitions for Steady Upward Gas-Liquid Flow in Vertical Tubes
,” AIChE J.
, 26
, pp. 345
–354
.18.
Ulbrich, R., Reinecke, N., and Mewes, D., 1997, “Recognition of Flow Pattern for Two-Phase Flow Across Tube Bundle,” 4th World Conference on Experimental Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Brussels, Belgium, June 2–6.
19.
Noghrehkar, R., Kawaji, M., and Chan, A. M. C., 1995, “An Experimental Study of Local Two-Phase Parameters in Cross Flow Induced Vibration in Tube Bundles,” Flow-Induced Vibration, Bearman, ed., Balkema, Rotterdam, Holland, pp. 373–382.
20.
Pettigrew
, M. J.
, Tromp
, J. H.
, Taylor
, C. E.
, and Kim
, B. S.
, 1989
, “Vibration of Tube Bundles in Two-Phase Cross-Flow: Part 2—Fluidelastic Instability
,” ASME J. Pressure Vessel Technol.
, 111
, pp. 478
–487
.21.
Axisa, F., 1985, “Vibration of Tube Bundles Subjected to Steam Water Cross Flow: A Comparative Study of Square and Triangular Arrays,” Paper B1/2, 8th Int. Conf. on S.M.i.R.T, Brussels, Belgium, Aug.
22.
Feenstra
, P. A.
, Judd
, R. L.
, and Weaver
, D. S.
, 1995
, “Fluidelastic Instability in a Tube Array Subjected to Two-Phase R-11 Cross-Flow
,” J. Fluids Structures
, 9
, pp. 747
–771
.23.
Pettigrew, M. J., and Taylor, C. E., 1997, “Damping of Heat Exchanger Tubes in Two-Phase Flow,” Proc., 4th Int. Symposium, Fluid-Structure Interaction, Aeroelasticity, Flow-Induced Vibration and Noise, Vol. II, ASME AD-Vol. 53-2, pp. 407–418.
24.
Inada, F., Kawamura, K., and Yasuo, A., 1997, “Fluid-Elastic Force Measurements Acting on a Tube Bundle in Two-Phase Cross Flow,” Proc., 4th Int. Symposium, Fluid-Structure Interaction, Aeroelasticity, Flow-Induced Vibration and Noise, Vol. II, ASME AD-Vol. 53-2, pp. 357–364.
25.
Mureithi, N. W., Nakamura, T., Hirota, K., Murata, M., Utsumi, S., Kusakabe, T., and Takamatsu, H., 1996, “Dynamics of an Inline Tube Array in Steam-Water Flow. Part II: Unsteady Fluid Forces,” Proc., Symposium on Flow-Induced Vibration—1996, ASME PVP-Vol. 328, pp. 111–121.
26.
Nakamura, T., Kusakabe, T., and Nishikawa, H., 1997, “Improved Estimation of Fluidelastic Instability Threshold for Tube Arrays in Two-Phase Flow: Approximate Theory Based on Energy Balance in a Separated Flow Model,” Proc., 4th Int. Symposium, Fluid-Structure Interaction, Aeroelasticity, Flow-Induced Vibration and Noise, Vol. II, ASME AD-Vol. 53-2, pp. 373–380.
27.
Delenne, B., Gay, N., Campistron, R., and Banner, D., 1997, “Experimental Determination of Motion-Dependent Fluid Forces in Two-Phase Water-Freon Cross Flow,” Proc., 4th Int. Symposium, Fluid-Structure Interaction, Aeroelasticity, Flow-Induced Vibration and Noise, Vol. II, ASME AD-Vol. 53-2, pp. 349–354.
28.
Feenstra, P. A., Weaver, D. S., and Judd, R. L., 1996, “Damping and Fluidelastic Instability of a Tube Array in Two-Phase R-11 Cross-Flow,” Proc., Symposium on Flow-Induced Vibration—1996, ASME PVP-Vol 328, pp. 89–102.
29.
Taylor
, C.
, Pettigrew
, M. J.
, and Currie
, I. G.
, 1996
, “Random Excitation Forces in Tube Bundles Subjected to Two-Phase Cross-Flow
,” ASME J. Pressure Vessel Technol.
, 118
, pp. 265
–277
.30.
Nakamura
, T.
, Fujita
, K.
, Kowanishi
, N.
, Yamaguchi
, N.
, and Tsuge
, A.
, 1995
, “Study on the Vibration Characteristics of a Tube Array Caused by Two-Phase Flow, Part 1: Random Vibration
,” J. Fluids Structures
, 9
, pp. 519
–538
.31.
Gidi, A., Weaver, D. S., and Judd, R. L., 1997, “Two-Phase Flow Induced Vibrations of Tube Bundles With Tube Surface Boiling,” Proc., 4th Int. Symposium, Fluid-Structure Interaction, Aeroelasticity, Flow-Induced Vibration and Noise, Vol. II, ASME AD-Vol. 53-2, pp. 381–389.
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by ASME
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