... examined the effects of external load, preload, and speed on the friction force. Among several friction components, hydrodynamic rolling friction makes a major contribution to the total friction force. Ball contact loads, which significantly vary with carriage flexibility, were found to influence...

... by the authors in a prior study. The analytical formulation for a fully occupied (5 × 5) stiffness matrix of XRB was obtained. Extended simulations were performed to determine the XRB stiffness and internal load distribution considering the effects of the external loads, axial preloads, axial clearance...

... } = { − Q i 0 − M i } where Q ξ , Q ζ , and T η are the roller loads determined in the inclined coordinate system. The inner ring equilibrium Eq. (19) is solved to determine the inner ring displacements with a given external load vector { F }. The Newton–Raphson method...